Table 3.
Changes in FMA, WMFT, AROM, and MBI scores and repeated measures ANCOVA outcomes
| SB group (n = 12) | CON group (n = 13) | RM ANCOVA | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T0 | T1 | Change (T1-T0) | p -value | T2 | Change (T2-T0) | p-value | T0 | T1 | Change (T1-T0) | p-value | T2 | Change (T2-T0) | p-value | F | p-value | |
| FMA-total | 17.1 ± 7.5 | 19.0 ± 7.5 | 1.9 ± 2.8 | 0.036 | 19.6 ± 7.5 | 2.5 ± 3.7 | 0.014 | 19.9 ± 9.9 | 22.0 ± 10.3 | 2.1 ± 2.7 | 0.018 | 25.50 ± 11.8 | 5.6 ± 8.6 | 0.012 | 0.971 | 0.387 |
| FMA-prox | 13.8 ± 3.7 | 14.9 ± 3.2 | 1.2 ± 1.8 | 0.041 | 15.0 ± 3.0 | 1.3 ± 2.1 | 0.041 | 16.9 ± 6.5 | 18.4 ± 6.6 | 1.5 ± 1.8 | 0.018 | 19.9 ± 7.1 | 3.0 ± 4.6 | 0.035 | 1.194 | 0.301 |
| FMA-dist | 2.3 ± 3.5 | 2.9 ± 3.6 | 0.6 ± 0.9 | 0.034 | 3.4 ± 3.7 | 1.1 ± 1.8 | 0.024 | 1.8 ± 2.8 | 2.2 ± 3.1 | 0.4 ± 0.9 | 0.102 | 4.0 ± 4.2 | 2.2 ± 3.6 | 0.018 | 0.787 | 0.462 |
| FMA-coor | 1.0 ± 1.8 | 1.3 ± 2.0 | 0.3 ± 0.9 | 0.180 | 1.3 ± 2.1 | 0.3 ± 0.9 | 0.180 | 1.4 ± 1.8 | 1.5 ± 1.9 | 0.1 ± 0.6 | 0.655 | 1.7 ± 1.9 | 0.3 ± 1.2 | 0.414 | 0.649 | 0.528 |
| WMFT-FAS | 15.0 ± 10.4 | 19.3 ± 11.1 | 4.3 ± 5.9 | 0.012 | 20.3 ± 11.0 | 5.3 ± 6.6 | 0.008 | 19.6 ± 14.0 | 24.4 ± 12.9 | 4.8 ± 5.9 | 0.003 | 29.7 ± 15.1 | 10.1 ± 10.1 | 0.001 | 1.451 | 0.246 |
| WMFT-time (log) | 3.1 ± 0.1 | 3.01 ± 0.1 | −0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.002 | 3.0 ± 0.1 | −0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.026 | 3.0 ± 0.2 | 3.0 ± 0.2 | −0.0 ± 0.1 | 0.016 | 2.9 ± 0.2 | −0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.023 | 0.425 | 0.577 |
| AROM-Sf | 68.8 ± 39.9 | 88.3 ± 45.7 | 19.6 ± 11.4 | 0.004 | 90.0 ± 44.5 | 21.3 ± 17.1 | 0.011 | 85.8 ± 45.4 | 95.8 ± 44.9 | 10.0 ± 10.8 | 0.016 | 107.3 ± 49.4 | 21.5 ± 27.9 | 0.011 | 0.928 | 0.373 |
| AROM-Sab | 60.8 ± 41.2 | 75.0 ± 43.8 | 14.2 ± 16.9 | 0.007 | 82.1 ± 53.8 | 21.3 ± 23.4 | 0.007 | 70.8 ± 42.3 | 77.3 ± 39.9 | 6.5 ± 8.0 | 0.026 | 80.0 ± 39.6 | 9.2 ± 14.4 | 0.041 | 1.516 | 0.231 |
| AROM-Sad | 29.2 ± 10.8 | 32.9 ± 11.8 | 3.8 ± 5.7 | 0.059 | 33.0 ± 11.8 | 10.4 ± 12.9 | 0.059 | 28.5 ± 14.6 | 32.3 ± 13.0 | 3.9 ± 6.5 | 0.059 | 33.9 ± 13.3 | 5.4 ± 6.6 | 0.020 | 0.198 | 0.722 |
| AROM-Sint | 35.5 ± 26.0 | 42.9 ± 22.2 | 10.4 ± 12.9 | 0.026 | 46.3 ± 19.2 | 13.8 ± 13.0 | 0.010 | 36.9 ± 25.2 | 41.9 ± 24.1 | 5.0 ± 10.4 | 0.109 | 42.7 ± 24.2 | 5.8 ± 11.2 | 0.109 | 2.221 | 0.137 |
| AROM-Sext | 30.0 ± 37.7 | 33.8 ± 36.4 | 3.8 ± 5.7 | 0.059 | 37.1 ± 34.3 | 7.1 ± 8.1 | 0.026 | 24.2 ± 29.9 | 30.4 ± 26.7 | 6.2 ± 10.4 | 0.066 | 36.2 ± 29.8 | 11.9 ± 14.1 | 0.026 | 0.335 | 0.717 |
| AROM-total | 221.3 ± 136.2 | 272.9 ± 134.8 | 51.7 ± 37.1 | 0.002 | 288.3 ± 138.9 | 67.1 ± 44.3 | 0.003 | 246.2 ± 136.8 | 277.7 ± 123.3 | 31.5 ± 30.4 | 0.005 | 294.4 ± 131.1 | 53.9 ± 56.5 | 0.003 | 0.729 | 0.454 |
| MBI | 69.8 ± 16.4 | 74.9 ± 16.8 | 5.1 ± 6.8 | 0.018 | 78.4 ± 13.2 | 8.6 ± 13.1 | 0.036 | 70.7 ± 17.9 | 76.5 ± 15.5 | 5.9 ± 7.4 | 0.018 | 78.9 ± 14.4 | 8.6 ± 10.2 | 0.005 | 0.101 | 0.848 |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. The RM ANCOVA covariates were the time from stroke and FMA baseline data
ANCOVA Analysis of covariance, SB Smart Board intervention, CON Conventional intervention, FMA Fugl–Meyer assessment (FMA-total, FMA-proximal, FMA-distal, FMA-coordination), WMFT Wolf motor function test (WMFT-total, WMFT-functional ability scale, WMFT-time), WMFT-time presented as a log value, AROM Active range of motion (Sf Shoulder flexion, Sab Shoulder abduction, Sad Shoulder adduction, Sint Shoulder internal rotation, Sext Shoulder external rotation), MBI Modified Barthel index