Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of children and their parents in the MARBLES study, stratified by child diagnosis
| Child 36 month outcome | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ASD (n = 41) | Non-TD (n = 44) | TD (n = 77) | p valuea | |
| Child male gender, n (%) | 30 (73.2) | 27 (61.4) | 40 (51.9) | 0.08 |
| Child race and ethnicity, n (%) | 0.90 | |||
| White (European or Middle Eastern) | 19 (46.3) | 18 (40.9) | 38 (49.4) | |
| Black/African-American | 2 (4.9) | 2 (4.5) | 1 (1.3) | |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 4 (9.8) | 3 (6.8) | 7 (9.1) | |
| Hispanic White | 8 (19.5) | 11 (25) | 19 (24.7) | |
| Hispanic Non-White | 4 (9.8) | 3 (6.8) | 6 (7.8) | |
| Multiracial | 4 (9.8) | 7 (15.9) | 6 (7.8) | |
| Mother age (years), mean (SD)b | 35.4 (5.1) | 34.1 (4.3) | 33.3 (4.9) | 0.09 |
| Father age (years), mean (SD)c | 38.7 (5.3) | 36.1 (4.8) | 35.7 (6.2) | 0.02 k |
| Mother prepregnancy BMI, mean (SD)d | 27.9 (7.4) | 29.3 (8.3) | 26.1 (6.2) | 0.05 |
| Mother type 1 diabetes, n (%)e | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.3) | 1.00 |
| Mother type 2 diabetes, n (%)e | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.3) | 1.00 |
| Mother gestational diabetes, n (%)f | 12 (30) | 6 (14.3) | 11 (14.7) | 0.12 |
| Mother hypertension, n (%)e | 1 (2.6) | 1 (2.3) | 1 (1.3) | 1.00 |
| Mother preeclampsia, n (%)g | 2 (5.1) | 4 (10) | 2 (2.7) | 0.29 |
| Mother smoking by urine cotinine, n (%)h | 4 (17.4) | 1 (4.3) | 1 (2.9) | 0.12 |
| Mother bachelor’s degree +, n (%) | 18 (43.9) | 19 (43.2) | 40 (51.9) | 0.57 |
| Father bachelor’s degree +, n (%) | 21 (51.2) | 19 (43.2) | 39 (50.6) | 0.69 |
| Own home, n (%)i | 21 (55.3) | 25 (58.1) | 48 (63.2) | 0.69 |
| Cesarean delivery, n (%)j | 11 (26.8) | 17 (38.6) | 31 (41.3) | 0.28 |
| Gestational age (weeks), mean (SD) | 39.4 (1.1) | 39 (1.3) | 38.7 (1.4) | 0.04 k |
| Birth weight (kg), mean (SD) | 3.5 (0.4) | 3.5 (0.4) | 3.4 (0.5) | 0.52 |
ASD autism spectrum disorder, Non-TD non-typically developing, TD typically developing
ap values from Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables and one-way ANOVA for continuous variables
bFrequency missing = 1 ASD
cFrequency missing = 2 ASD, 1 TD
dFrequency missing = 1 ASD, 1 TD
eFrequency missing = 2 ASD, 1 Non-TD, 1 TD
fFrequency missing = 1 ASD, 2 Non-TD, 2 TD
gFrequency missing = 2 ASD, 4 Non-TD, 2 TD
hFrequency missing = 18 ASD, 21 Non-TD, 42 TD
iFrequency missing = 3 ASD, 1 Non-TD, 1 TD
jFrequency missing = 2 TD
kNominally-significant association with child diagnosis