Table 2.
Characteristics of the Cohort Including the Criteria of the Scores NOVA, DENOVA, and HANDOC
| Characteristics | IE (n = 32) | Non-IE (n = 536) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (mean) | 69 | 74 | n/a | .013 |
| Sex (male) | 22 (69) | 392 (73) | 0.81 (0.37–1.7) | .59 |
| Previous SLB-bacteremia | 2 (6) | 8 (1.5) | 4.4 (0.44–23) | .10 |
| Charlson score (mean) | 1.9 | 2.5 | n/a | .027 |
| Community acquired | 19 (59) | 231 (43) | 1.92 (0.93–4.0) | .072 |
| Healthcare associated | 11 (34) | 242 (45) | 0.64 (0.30–1.3) | .23 |
| Nosocomial | 2 (6) | 63 (12) | 0.50 (0.12–2.1) | .34 |
| Duration of symptoms ≥7 days | 17 (53) | 68 (13) | 7.8 (3.7–16) | <.001 |
| CIED | 3 (6) | 29 (5) | 1.8 (0.52–6.3) | .41 |
| Pacemaker | 2 (6) | 27 (5) | 1.3 (0.29–5.5) | .68 |
| ICD | 1 (3) | 2 (0.4) | 8.6 (0.76–98) | .16 |
| Predisposing heart condition | 12 (38) | 51 (10) | 5.7 (2.6–12) | <.001 |
| Prosthetic valve | 7 (22) | 12 (2) | 12.2 (4.4–34) | <.001 |
| Native valve disease | 5 (16) | 36 (7) | 2.6 (0.93–7.1) | .072 |
| Previous IE | 3 (9) | 6 (1) | 9.1 (2.2–38) | .011 |
| Intravenous drug user | 0 (0) | 2 (0.4) | n/a | 1.0 |
| Prosthetic vascular graft | 1 (3) | 26 (5) | 0.63 (0.08–4.8) | 1.0 |
| Heart murmur | 24 (75) | 54 (10) | 27 (11–63) | <.001 |
| Fever ≥38 degrees | 19 (59) | 347 (65) | 0.80 (0.38–1.6) | .57 |
| Embolization | 8 (25) | 7 (1.3) | 25 (8.4–75) | <.001 |
| Urinary tract disorders | 10 (31) | 193 (36) | 0.81 (0.37–1.7) | .70 |
| Urinary/suprapubic catheter | 3 (9) | 111 (21) | 0.40 (0.12–1.3) | .085 |
| Intermittent self-catheterization | 2 (6) | 18 (3) | 1.9 (0.43–8.7) | .31 |
| Number of positive cultures ≥2 | 30 (94) | 155 (29) | 37 (8.7–156) | <.001 |
| Only 1 species in culture | 31 (97) | 297 (55) | 25 (3.4–184) | <.001 |
| Origin of infection, any | 0 (0) | 121 (23) | n/a | .001 |
| Respiratory tract | 0 (0) | 27 (5) | n/a | .39 |
| Urinary tract | 0 (0) | 66 (12) | n/a | .040 |
| Gastrointestinal or biliary | 0 (0) | 23 (4) | n/a | .63 |
| Other origin of infection | 0 (0) | 5 (1) | n/a | 1.0 |
| Other focus | 1 (3) | 8 (1.5) | 2.1 (0.26–18) | .41 |
| Unknown origin of infection | 32 (100) | 415 (77) | n/a | .001 |
Significant correlation shown in bold face.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; CIED, cardiovascular implantable electronic device; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; IE, infective endocarditis; n/a, not applicable; SLB, Streptococcus-like bacteria.