Table 1.
T-cell surface markers used for in vivo imaging.
| Name/Target | Type | Tracer / substrate | Discussion | Active clinical trials | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| murine OX40 receptor (CD134) (murine target) | Antibody | [64Cu]Cu-DOTA-AbOX40 | - Expression per cell is dynamic and might hamper correlation with cell numbers | NCT02318394 | 70 |
| human Interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain (CD25) (murine and human target) |
Cytokine | [99mTc]Tc-HYNIC-IL-2 | - Expression per cell is dynamic - IL-2 has short plasma half-life 7-14 minutes - Radiolabelled IL-2 is biologically active |
n/a | 65, 180 |
| [18F]FB-IL-2 | NCT02922283 | 66 | |||
| murine CD3 (murine target) | Antibody | [89Zr]Zr-p-isothiocyanatobenzyldeferoxamine-CD3 | - Receptor present on both CD8 and CD4 T-cells - Probe dilution due to cell division | n/a | 86 |
| murine CD4 (murine target) | Cys-diabody | [89Zr]Zr-malDFO-GK1.5 cDb | - Rapid clearance as compared to full antibodies - Less dependent on tissue structure and perfusion |
n/a | 90 |
| murine CD8 (murine target) | Cys-diabody | [89Zr]Zr-malDFO-169 cDb | n/a | 89 | |
| human CD8 (human target) | Minibody | [89Zr]Zr-Df-IAB22M2C | NCT03802123, NCT03610061 | 181 | |
| murine T-cell receptor (murine target) |
Antibody | [64Cu]Cu-cOVA-TCR | - Internalization of TCR-complex results in higher specific activity - Binding of the TCR might induce signalling - Probe dilution due to cell division |
n/a | 92 |
| murine T-cell receptor beta domain (murine target) | F(ab')2 fragment | [89Zr]Zr-Df-aTCRmu-F(ab')2 | n/a | 93 |