Table 1.
Descriptive statistics of study variables at baseline in overall sample and by cyberbullying roles at baseline (n, %)
| Cyberbullying roles |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Sample | Noninvolved | Witness Only | Witness and Victim | Witness and Perpetrator | Witness, Victim, and Perpetrator | Overall Group Contrast | |
| (N = 2,768) | (n = 1,324) | (n = 907) | (n = 286) | (n = 64) | (n = 187) | p | |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
| Female sex, n (%) | 1,480 (53.5) | 635 (48.0) | 559 (61.6)ab | 202 (70.6)ab | 27 (42.2) | 86 (46.0) | < .001c |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | < .001c | ||||||
| Hispanic | 1,301 (47.0) | 682 (52.6)b | 415 (46.3)ab | 102 (36.3)a | 35 (54.7)b | 67 (37.0)a | |
| Asian | 501 (18.1) | 225 (17.4)b | 177 (19.8) | 44 (15.7)b | 9 (14.1) | 46 (25.4)a | |
| White | 444 (16.0) | 179 (13.8) | 153 (17.1)a | 74 (26.3)ab | 5 (7.8) | 33 (18.2) | |
| Multiracial | 175 (6.3) | 70 (5.4) | 64 (7.1) | 25 (8.9)a | 4 (6.3) | 12 (6.6) | |
| Black | 119 (4.3) | 64 (4.9) | 29 (3.1)a | 12 (4.3) | 5 (7.8) | 10 (5.5) | |
| Native Hawaiian | 108 (3.9) | 47 (3.6) | 28 (3.1) | 14 (5.0) | 5 (7.8) | 11 (6.1) | |
| Other | 41 (1.5) | 19 (1.5) | 14 (1.6) | 5 (1.8) | 1 (1.6) | 2 (1.1) | |
| American Indian | 29 (1.0) | 10 (0.8) | 14 (1.6) | 5 (1.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Parent graduated high school, n (%) | 1,687 (60.9) | 766 (69.5) | 567 (70.7) | 189 (72.4) | 46 (74.2) | 119 (71.3) | .83c |
| Age (years), M (SD) | 15.5 (0.5) | 15.5 (0.6) | 15.5 (0.4) | 15.5 (0.4) | 15.5 (0.4) | 15.5 (0.4) | .66d |
| Baseline past-6-month substance use, n (%) | |||||||
| Alcohol | 742 (26.8) | 258 (19.7)b | 293 (32.8)ab | 90 (31.6)ab | 27 (42.2)a | 74 (40.2)a | < .001c |
| E-cigarettes | 422 (15.2) | 146 (11.1)b | 153 (17.1)ab | 58 (20.4)ab | 15 (23.8)a | 50 (27.2)a | < .001c |
| Marijuana (combustible) | 402 (14.5) | 139 (10.6)b | 144 (16.1)ab | 51 (17.9)ab | 15 (23.4)ab | 53 (28.8)a | < .001c |
| Hookah | 279 (10.1) | 89 (6.8)b | 101 (11.3)ab | 41 (14.5)a | 15 (23.4)a | 33 (18.0)a | < .001c |
| Marijuana (edible) | 207 (7.5) | 66 (5.0)b | 69 (7.7)ab | 28 (9.8)ab | 11 (17.2)a | 33 (18.0)a | < .001c |
| Cigarettes | 195 (7.0) | 62 (4.7)b | 62 (6.9)b | 32 (11.2)a | 10 (15.6) | 29 (15.8)a | < .001c |
| Prescription painkillers | 141 (5.1) | 42 (3.2)b | 47 (5.3)ab | 24 (8.4)a | 7 (10.9)a | 21 (11.4)a | < .001c |
| Cigars | 81 (2.9) | 21 (1.6)b | 29 (3.2)ab | 14 (4.9)a | 6 (9.5)a | 11 (6.0)a | < .001c |
| Prescription stimulants | 81 (2.9) | 24 (1.8)b | 24 (2.7)b | 12 (4.2)ab | 5 (7.8)a | 16 (8.7)a | < .001c |
| Number of substances used | |||||||
| 0 | 1745 (63.7) | 954 (72.7)b | 519 (58.1)ab | 159 (55.8)a | 25 (39.1)a | 88 (47.8)a | < .001c |
| 1 | 385 (14.1) | 151 (11.5) | 146 (16.3)a | 41 (14.4) | 17 (26.6)ab | 30 (16.3) | .001c |
| 2 | 224 (8.2) | 89 (6.8) | 87 (9.7)a | 29 (10.2) | 4 (6.3) | 15 (8.2) | .09c |
| ≥ 3 | 386 (14.1) | 119 (9.1)b | 142 (15.9)ab | 56 (19.6)ab | 18 (28.1)a | 51 (27.7)a | < .001c |
| Lifetime cyberbullying frequencye, M (SD) | |||||||
| Witness | 1.5 (1.3) | 0.2 (0.4)b | 2.4 (0.7)ab | 2.9 (0.8)ab | 3.1 (0.7)a | 3.2 (0.8)a | < .001d |
| Perpetration | 0.3 (0.7) | 0.0 (0.1)b | 0.1 (0.3)ab | 0.3 (0.4)ab | 2.2 (0.5)ab | 2.5 (0.8)a | < .001d |
| Victimization | 0.5 (1.0) | 0.0 (0.2)b | 0.2 (0.4)ab | 2.5 (0.7)ab | 0.3 (0.4)ab | 2.6 (0.8)a | < .001d |
a
Pairwise significant differences between respective group and noninvolved group (uncorrected p < .05).
b
Pairwise significant differences between respective group and the witness, victim, and perpetrator group (uncorrected p < .05).
c
Calculated using the χ2 test.
d
Calculated using analysis of variance.
e
Quantitative estimate of frequency of involvement in respective form of cyberbullying (0 = never, 1 = once, 2 = a few times, 3 = several times, 4 = many times).