Table 1.

Labeled and Measured Nicotine Content in E-Cigarettes

Study	Solution	Labeled Concentration	Measured concentration	% Deviation
Lisko et al [18]	Refill solution	0 to 24 mg/ml	0 to 20.5 mg/ml	−41.7 to −5.8%
Cheng [26]	Cartridge Refill solution	N/A	0 to 19.0mg 0 to 87.2mg/ml	−100 to 100% −100 to 100%
Goniewicz et al [27]	Refill solution (US) Refill solution (Poland)	0 to 36mg/ml 0 to 4mg/ml	BLQ to 36.6mg/ml ND to 24.7mg/ml	28.% with ≥20% variation 10% with ≥20% variation
Tierney et al [28]	Refill solution	6 to 24mg/ml	N/A	N/A
Davis et al [29]	Refill solution	0 to 60mg/ml	0 to 134.7mg/ml	10% with ≥10% variation
Etter and Budgey [30]	Refill solution	16 to 48mg/ml	15.5 to 52.0mg/ml	18% with ≥10% variation
Kim et al [31]	Refill solution	N/A	“not detectable” to 17.5mg/ml (“Pure nicotine” 150.3mg/ml)	−32.2 to 3.3%
Raymond et al [32]	Refill solution	0mg/ml 18mg/ml	0 to 23.9mg/ml 11.6 to 27.4mg/ml	91.4% with detectable nicotine −35 to 52%