Table 2.

Survey of opioid antagonists for promoting stroke recovery

Opioid antagonist	Dose	Frequency	Organism	Disease	Reference
Naloxone
(-)-Naloxone	0.4 mg intravenous injection	Repeated as needed	Humans	Ischemic stroke	79
(-)-Naloxone	1 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection	Repeated as needed	Gerbils	MCAO ischemic stroke	80
(-)-Naloxone	0. 4 mg-1.2 mg intravenous injection	2–3 doses	Humans	Ischemic stroke	77
(-)-Naloxone	82.5 nmol intracerebroventricular infusion (i.c.v)	Every 4 h	Rats	MCAO ischemic stroke	81
(-)-Naloxone	1 mg/mL or 10 mg/mL intracerebroventricular infusion (i.c.v)	Every 4 h	Rats	MCAO ischemic stroke	82
(-)-Naloxone	0.32 mg/kg intranasally	Twice a day for 7 days	Rats	MCAO ischemic stroke	84
(-)-Naloxone	10 mg/kg initial intraperitoneal injection, 5 mg/kg/h subcutaneously	Continuous	Feline	MCAO ischemic stroke	87
Naloxone enantiomer
(+)-Naloxone	0.32 mg/kg - 0.8 mg/kg intranasally	Twice a day for 7 days	Rats	MCAO ischemic stroke	84
Naltrexone
(-)-Naltrexone	10 mg/kg initial intraperitoneal injection, 1 mg/kg/h subcutaneously	Continuous	Feline	MCAO ischemic stroke	87
Naltrexone enantiomer
(+)- Naltrexone	3 mg/kg or 6 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection	Twice a day for 2 days	Mouse	Cardiac arrest	83
Nalmefene
Nalmefene	0.05 mg/kg initial dose intravenously, then 0.01 mg/kg	24 h	Humans	Ischemic stroke	91
Nalmefene	0.2 mg intravenous injection	Twice a day for 10 days	Humans	Large cerebral infarction	93