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. 2019 Oct 25;9:15331. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-51857-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Long-term trend in surface fluxes and parameters over 1987–2016. (a) Externally forced trend in total could cover in comparison with 400 pseudo-realizations of unforced trends derived from 12,000-year Pre-industrial simulations, (b) in downwelling shortwave radiation, (c) in precipitation and (d) in dew point. The trend detection is with less than 5% risk of error. (e) Trends in Evaporative Fraction (EF) over 1987–2016.