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. 2019 Oct 25;9:15309. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-51834-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The landing rates on a high (dark green) or low (light green) concentration of attractant is shown in relation to an increasing concentration of a repellent. The response-ratio hypothesis (A) predicts an S-shaped curve in which the landing rate is proportionally affected by the increasing concentration of the repellent as by the decreasing concentration of the attractant. In the repellent-threshold hypothesis (B) the repellent is only detected above a threshold concentration. The landing rate will not depend on concentration ratios below that threshold (grey area), where the landing rate instead only depends on the concentration of the attractant. This results in a stepwise relationship between the landing rate and the concentration of the repellent. In the odour-modulation hypothesis (C) the repellents and attractants act non-additive on the landing rate, resulting in the shape of the dose response of one odorant changing with the absolute concentration of the other odorant.