Table 1.
Anthropometric and biochemical parameters among groups with SO, obesity, or sarcopenia in both sexes
| Sex | SO | Obesity | Sarcopenia | Normal | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | M | 75.3 ± 6.1a | 73.3 ± 7.4 a | 73.8 ± 8.2 a | 71.6 ± 9.1 a | 0.343 |
| F | 71.4 ± 5.4 a | 67.2 ± 7.3 a | 72.4 ± 7.7 a | 68.1 ± 8.1 a | 0.175 | |
| Physical exercise (%) | M | 33.3 a | 37.1 a | 38.5 a | 43.1 a | 0.811 |
| F | 30.0 b | 25.4 b | 30.8 b | 49.3 a | 0.000 | |
| Dairy intake (%) | M | 26.6 a | 27.1 a | 30.8 a | 28.4 a | 0.986 |
| F | 30.0 a | 28.0 a | 34.6 a | 32.9 a | 0.741 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | M | 23.5 ± 2.0 b | 26.4 ± 2.4 a | 21.0 ± 2.3 b | 23.0 ± 2.6 b | 0.000 |
| F | 23.9 ± 1.7 b | 26.3 ± 3.3 a | 18.8 ± 1.5 d | 21.8 ± 2.1 bc | 0.000 | |
| Total body fat percentage (%) | M | 31.3 ± 2.7 a | 31.1 ± 2.9 a | 21.7 ± 6.7 b | 22.4 ± 4.3 b | 0.000 |
| F | 43.2 ± 5.0 a | 39.8 ± 3.6 a | 28.4 ± 4.9 b | 29.8 ± 4.7 b | 0.000 | |
| ASMI (kg/m2) | M | 5.84 ± 0.56 b | 7.74 ± 0.59 a | 6.39 ± 0.53 b | 7.69 ± 0.65 a | 0.000 |
| F | 4.48 ± 0.98 b | 6.41 ± 0.68 a | 4.96 ± 0.23 b | 6.19 ± 0.63 a | 0.000 | |
| Hand grip (kg) | M | 24.2 ± 4.7 b | 36.9 ± 7.7 a | 26.7 ± 5.9 b | 33.8 ± 6.7 a | 0.002 |
| F | 18.6 ± 5.5 ac | 19.0 ± 4.8 ab | 16.3 ± 5.5 bc | 20.3 ± 5.0 a | 0.001 | |
| Spine BMD (g/cm2) | M | 0.92 ± 0.15 b | 1.07 ± 0.19 a | 1.00 ± 0.17 a | 0.99 ± 0.16 a | 0.035 |
| F | 0.82 ± 0.12 b | 1.04 ± 0.16 a | 0.68 ± 0.16 c | 0.83 ± 0.16 b | 0.001 | |
| Hip BMD (g/cm2) | M | 0.81 ± 0.13 b | 1.03 ± 0.12 a | 0.77 ± 0.12 b | 0.89 ± 0.10 b | 0.003 |
| F | 0.73 ± 0.11 b | 0.89 ± 0.13 a | 0.61 ± 0.15 c | 0.76 ± 0.13 b | 0.015 | |
| PINP | M | 29.8 ± 9.9 a | 36.9 ± 10.4 a | 38.6 ± 15.6 a | 34.5 ± 12.4 a | 0.884 |
| F | 46.4 ± 11.1 a | 51.7 ± 12.3 a | 51.7 ± 19.2 a | 50.2 ± 17.7 a | 0.975 | |
| β-CTX | M | 293 ± 116 a | 316 ± 121 a | 355 ± 161 a | 273 ± 148 a | 0.403 |
| F | 449 ± 117 a | 415 ± 137 a | 495 ± 145 a | 448 ± 195 a | 0.525 | |
| 25OHD | M | 18.6 ± 5.8 a | 21.0 ± 7.6 a | 19.6 ± 4.3 a | 22.0 ± 7.7 a | 0.484 |
| F | 21.0 ± 5.5 a | 18.3 ± 6.4 a | 22.4 ± 5.1 a | 22.1 ± 7.0 a | 0.161 | |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | M | 5.33 ± 0.57 a | 5.65 ± 1.12 a | 5.12 ± 0.52 a | 5.30 ± 0.98 a | 0.656 |
| F | 6.14 ± 0.53 a | 5.88 ± 0.63 ab | 4.86 ± 0.45 c | 5.23 ± 0.64 bc | 0.001 | |
| HbA1C (%) | M | 5.30 ± 0.59 a | 5.80 ± 0.44 a | 5.09 ± 0.69 a | 5.16 ± 0.49 a | 0.324 |
| F | 6.23 ± 0.66 a | 6.01 ± 0.61 a | 5.11 ± 0.71 b | 4.91 ± 0.48 b | 0.011 | |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | M | 6.4 (5.41–7.12) a | 5.90 (4.95–6.99) ab | 5.55 (4.35–6.22) bc | 5.33 (4.52–5.61) c | 0.012 |
| F | 6.11 (5.82–6.78) a | 5.65 (5.11–6.52) a | 5.17 (4.88–6.19) b | 5.78 (5.21–6.51) a | 0.023 | |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | M | 2.40 (1.3–2.6) a | 2.47 (1.98–2.88) a | 1.60 (1.13–2.21) b | 1.63 (1.21–2.38) b | 0.021 |
| F | 1.68 (1.12–2.11) a | 1.88 (1.49–2.62) a | 1.78 (1.41–2.58) a | 1.63 (1.18–2.18) a | 0.523 | |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | M | 1.50 (1.28–1.70) ab | 1.09 (0.81–1.36) b | 1.75 (1.49–1.88) a | 1.26 (0.99–1.48) b | 0.045 |
| F | 1.86 (1.58–2.49) a | 1.70 (1.32–2.28) a | 1.79 (1.33–2.25) a | 1.86 (1.55–2.41) a | 0.899 | |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | M | 4.12 (3.23–4.71) a | 3.64 (2.60–3.91)ab | 2.99 (2.38–3.37) ab | 2.82 (2.48–3.40) b | 0.011 |
| F | 3.61 (3.03–4.21) a | 3.13 (2.89–3.81) a | 3.02 (2.54–3.88) a | 3.11 (2.69–3.72) a | 0.723 | |
| Speed (m/s) | M | 0.82 ± 0.31 b | 1.03 ± 0.21 ab | 0.90 ± 0.29 b | 1.12 ± 0.22 a | 0.006 |
| F | 0.79 ± 0.22 b | 0.89 ± 0.29 ab | 0.82 ± 0.21 b | 1.09 ± 0.27 a | 0.044 |
Notes: Values in a row with different superscript letters are significantly different, p < 0.05. From a to d, the mean value or the median value decreased
Abbreviations: BMI body mass index, ASMI appendicular Skeletal Mass Index, BMD bone mineral density, PINP procollagen type 1 amino-terminal propeptide, CTX crossLaps