Fig. 2.

Average number of non-synonymous and synonymous de novo mutations per individual for probands and controls in seed genes (Seed), modules excluding seed genes (Module), module genes excluding 128 previously reported neurodevelopmental disorder genes (M-ND) (Additional file 2: Table S2: “established NDD genes”), and genes outside of any module (Outside). a No significant difference in the number of synonymous mutations exists between cases and controls. Cases display significantly more non-synonymous (b), including missense (c) and loss-of-function (d), variants than controls in the Seed, Module, and M-ND groups