Table 1.
Comparisons of participants’ characteristics according to age groups (i.e., 45–64, 55–64, 65–74, ≥ 75) and motoric cognitive risk syndrome in participants of the Canadian longitudinal study on aging (n = 29,569)
| Age 45–54 | P value* | Age 55–64 | P value* | Age 65–74 | P value* | Age ≥ 75 | P value* | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No MCR (n = 6863) | MCR (n = 666) | No MCR (n = 9036) | MCR (n = 663) | No MCR (n = 6850) | MCR (n = 359) | No-MCR (n = 4752) | MCR (n = 380) | |||||
| Age, mean value ± SD | 50.3 ± 2.7 | 50.4 ± 2.6 | 0.721 | 59.7 ± 2.8 | 59.9 ± 2.8 | 0.118 | 68.9 ± 2.8 | 69.5 ± 2.9 | ≤ 0.001 | 78.8 ± 2.9 | 79.8 ± 3.1 | ≤ 0.001 |
| Female, n (%) | 3492 (50.9) | 403 (60.5) | ≤ 0.001 | 4818 (53.3) | 190 (28.7) | ≤ 0.001 | 3368 (49.2) | 252 (70.2) | ≤ 0.001 | 2389 (50.3) | 149 (39.2) | ≤ 0.001 |
| Aboriginal, n (%) | 371 (5.4) | 58 (8.7) | ≤ 0.001 | 334 (3.7) | 32 (4.8) | 0.028 | 195 (2.8) | 16 (4.5) | 0.182 | 84 (1.8) | 6 (1.6) | 0.001 |
| Country of birth Canada, n (%) | 5802 (84.5) | 545 (81.8) | 0.064 | 7739 (85.6) | 556 (83.9) | 0.207 | 5339 (77.9) | 287 (79.9) | 0.377 | 3650 (76.8) | 303 (79.7) | 0.194 |
| Independent place of living†, n (%) | 6859 (99.9) | 666 (100) | 0.824 | 9018 (99.8) | 660 (99.5) | 0.176 | 6822 (99.6) | 348 (96.9) | ≤ 0.001 | 4663 (98.1) | 362 (95.3) | 0.001 |
| Living alone‡, n (%) | 1614 (23.5) | 203 (30.5) | ≤ 0.001 | 2520 (27.9) | 234 (35.3) | ≤ 0.001 | 2172 (31.7) | 163 (45.4) | ≤ 0.001 | 2094 (44.1) | 182 (47.9) | 0.340 |
| Low household income|| | 832 (12.1) | 171 (25.7) | ≤ 0.001 | 1890 (20.9) | 225 (33.9) | ≤ 0.001 | 2264 (33.1) | 202 (56.3) | ≤ 0.001 | 1914 (40.3) | 190 (50.0) | 0.002 |
| High education level¶, n (%) | 6840 (99.7) | 661 (99.2) | 0.147 | 8984 (99.4) | 654 (98.6) | 0.023 | 6701 (97.8) | 340 (94.7) | ≤ 0.001 | 4546 (95.7) | 356 (93.7) | 0.197 |
| Number of medications daily taken | 2.1 ± 1.8 | 2.8 ± 2.2 | ≤ 0.001 | 2.5 ± 2.0 | 3.3 ± 2.3 | ≤ 0.001 | 2.7 ± 2.0 | 3.7 ± 2.3 | ≤ 0.001 | 3.05 ± 2.0 | 3.6 ± 2.4 | ≤ 0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||||||||||
| Mean value ± SD | 27.7 ± 5.5 | 29.5 ± 7.1 | ≤ 0.001 | 28.3 ± 5.6 | 30.6 ± 7.0 | ≤ 0.001 | 28.2 ± 5.1 | 30.8 ± 7.4 | ≤ 0.001 | 27.3 ± 4.5 | 27.9 ± 5.3 | 0.008 |
| Overweight/obese§, n (%) | 4453 (64.9) | 490 (73.6) | ≤ 0.001 | 6341 (70.2) | 535 (80.7) | 0.001 | 4993 (72.9) | 281 (78.3) | 0.021 | 3216 (67.7) | 264 (69.5) | 0.408 |
| Anxio-depressive disorders | ||||||||||||
| Type of disorders | ||||||||||||
| Anxiety disorder‡‡ ††† | 234 (3.4) | 28 (4.2) | 0.285 | 289 (3.2) | 29 (4.4) | 0.101 | 223 (3.3) | 13 (3.6) | 0.704 | 120 (2.5) | 7 (1.8) | 0.409 |
| Mood disorder|||| ††† | 188 (2.7) | 22 (3.3) | 0.399 | 250 (2.8) | 30 (4.5) | 0.009 | 190 (2.8) | 19 (5.3) | 0.006 | 108 (2.3) | 13 (3.4) | 0.156 |
| Depressive disorder†† ††† | 148 (2.2) | 12 (1.8) | 0.545 | 251 (2.8) | 13 (2.0) | 0.212 | 160 (2.3) | 17 (4.7) | 0.004 | 75 (1.6) | 12 (3.2) | 0.022 |
| Number of disorders, n (%) | ||||||||||||
| ≥ 1 | 1609 (23.4) | 265 (39.8) | ≤ 0.001 | 2317 (25.6) | 265 (40) | ≤ 0.001 | 1462 (21.3) | 144 (40.1) | ≤ 0.001 | 665 (14.0) | 83 (21.8) | ≤ 0.001 |
| ≥ 2 | 1039 (15.1) | 203 (30.5) | ≤ 0.001 | 1527 (16.9) | 193 (29.1) | ≤ 0.001 | 889 (13.0) | 95 (26.5) | ≤ 0.001 | 362 (7.6) | 51 (13.4) | ≤ 0.001 |
| 3 | 309 (4.5) | 87 (13.1) | ≤ 0.001 | 426 (4.7) | 72 (10.9) | ≤ 0.001 | 222 (3.2) | 36 (10.0) | ≤ 0.001 | 80 (1.7) | 13 (3.4) | 0.015 |
| Depression*** | 970 (14.1) | 278 (41.7) | ≤ 0.001 | 1250 (13.8) | 288 (43.4) | ≤ 0.001 | 840 (12.3) | 143 (39.8) | ≤ 0.001 | 643 (13.3) | 135 (25.5) | ≤ 0.001 |
MCR, motoric cognitive risk
*Comparison based on unpaired t test or Chi-square test, as appropriate
†Defined as not residing in an assisted living dwelling/institution
‡Defined as single, separated, divorced or widowed
||Defined as CAD $ < 50,000
¶High education level is defined as grade 9 or higher
§Overweight defined as body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2
#Trouble concentrating: how often did you have trouble keeping your mind on what you were doing?
**Memory problem: has a doctor ever told you that you have a memory problem?
††Defined as “Has a doctor ever told you that you suffer from clinical depression?”
‡‡Defined as “Has a doctor ever told you that you have an anxiety disorder such as a phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder or a panic disorder?”
||||Defined as “Has a doctor ever told you that you have a mood disorder such as depression (including manic depression), bipolar disorder, mania, or dysthymia?”
†††Exclusive (i.e., no overlap with another depressive symptom)
***Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) score (/X) ≥ 10
P value significant if ≤ 0.0006 because of multiple comparisons (n = 84) indicated in italics