Table 1.
Transgenic mouse models reveal the biology of GSK3
| PMID | Year | Isoform | Expression system | Functional outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GSK3 gain of function | ||||
|
11007782 12182887 16943560 |
2000 2002 2006 |
GSK3b (S9A) | Thy1-Cre |
Tau hyperphosphorylation Reduced brain size Hypophagia, increased locomotor activity |
| 11226152 | 2001 | GSK3b | CamkIIa-Cre (Tet-off) | Astrogliosis, apoptosis, and neurodegeneration |
| 12472906 | 2002 | Impaired spatial memory | ||
| 17241269 | 2007 | Impaired long-term potentiation | ||
| 15375789 | 2004 | GSK3b | a-actin-Cre | Impaired glucoregulation, hyperlipidemia, and adiposity |
| 15791206 | 2005 | GSK3a (S21A) | Whole body | Normal glucoregulation |
| 27140617 | 2016 | GSK3b (S9A) | Resistance to HFD-induced adiposity and glucoregulatory dysfunction, increased adiponectin | |
| 18219478 | 2008 | GSK3b (S9A) | Insulin2-Cre | Reduced beta-cell mass, impaired glucoregulation |
| GSK3 loss of function | ||||
| 10894547 | 2000 | GSK3b | Whole body | Embryonic lethality mediated by TNFa |
|
17908561 19925672 23549082 |
2007 2009 2013 |
GSK3a | Whole body |
Enhanced glucoregulation and IRS1 expression Reduced aggression, impaired motor coordination Reduced lifespan, sarcopenia, increased cellular senescence |
| 18694957 | 2008 | GSK3b |
Albumin-Cre MLC1f-Cre |
Normal glucoregulation Enhanced glucoregulation and skeletal muscle glycogen |
| 19801986 | 2009 |
GSK3a GSK3b |
Whole body Nestin-Cre |
Progenitor pool expansion, impaired neurogenesis |
| 20821187 | 2010 | GSK3b | Insulin2-Cre | Enhanced glucoregulation, resistance to HFD-induced diabetes |