Table 1.

Description of healthy aging phenotype development and number of families and offspring who met each phenotype

Healthy aging phenotype	Marker(s) used to develop phenotype	Confounders adjusted for when calculating z-scores	Individual-level healthy aging phenotype criteria	Family-level healthy aging phenotype criteria	Number (%) of offspring who met individual-level phenotypee	Number (%) of families who met family-level phenotypee
Memory	Immediate and delayed recall	Age, sex, education	Adjusted episodic memory z-scorea ≥ 1.0	≥ 2 and ≥ 50% of offspring met individual-level healthy memory phenotype	253 (15%) n = 1683	14 (4%) n = 353
Strength	Grip strength	Age, sex, weight, height	Adjusted grip strength z-score ≥ 1.0	≥ 2 and ≥ 50% of offspring met individual-level healthy strength phenotype	293 (14%) n = 2053	20 (5%) n = 392
Pulmonary	Forced expiratory volume in one second	Age, sex, weight, height, smoking statusb	Adjusted forced expiratory volume in 1 second z-score ≥ 1.0	≥ 2 and ≥ 50% of offspring met individual-level healthy pulmonary phenotype	305 (15%) n = 1988	22 (6%) n = 386
Blood pressure	Systolic blood pressure	Age, sexc	Adjusted systolic blood pressure z-score ≥ − 1.5 and ≤ − 0.5	≥ 2 and ≥ 50% of offspring met individual-level healthy blood pressure phenotype	476 (22%) n = 2211	44 (11%) n = 419
Metabolism	Body mass index, waist circumference, glucose, insulin, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, interleukin-6, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein	Age, sexd	Classification into a subgroup with a healthy profile of all 8 metabolic markers using latent profile analysis	≥ 2 and ≥ 50% of offspring met individual-level healthy metabolic phenotype	388 (20%) n = 1987	39 (10%) n = 388

^aEpisodic memory z-score is the average of immediate and delayed recall z-scores

^bSmoking classified as ever vs never smokers

^cz-scores were calculated excluding participants taking anti-hypertensive medications, these participants were automatically classified as not meeting the healthy blood pressure phenotype

^dz-scores for fasting glucose and fasting insulin were calculated excluding participants taking medication for diabetes, these participants were automatically classified as not meeting the healthy metabolic phenotype

^eThe number of offspring and families included in each healthy aging phenotype differs because each phenotype was developed using information from as many individuals as possible, where some may have been missing information on one phenotype, but had information on a different phenotype