Table 1.
Descriptive Characteristics of Previously Opioid-Naive Patients*
| Variable | Overall (n = 191 249) | Did Not Receive Opioid in Hospital (n = 98 816 [51.7%]) | Received Opioid in Hospital (n = 92 433 [48.3%]) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hospital, n (%) | |||
| 1 | 42 456 (22.2) | 17 379 (17.6) | 25 077 (27.1) |
| 2 | 38 950 (20.4) | 21 026 (21.3) | 17 924 (19.4) |
| 3 | 27 064 (14.2) | 14 300 (14.5) | 12 764 (13.8) |
| 4 | 19 859 (10.4) | 10 493 (10.6) | 9366 (10.1) |
| 5 | 16 952 (8.9) | 9346 (9.5) | 7606 (8.2) |
| 6 | 15 277 (8.0) | 8047 (8.1) | 7230 (7.8) |
| 7 | 8663 (4.5) | 4621 (4.7) | 4042 (4.4) |
| 8 | 6042 (3.2) | 4068 (4.1) | 1974 (2.1) |
| 9 | 5829 (3.1) | 3275 (3.3) | 2554 (2.8) |
| 10 | 4680 (2.5) | 2952 (3.0) | 1728 (1.9) |
| 11 | 3903 (2.0) | 2312 (2.3) | 1591 (1.7) |
| 12 | 1574 (0.8) | 997 (1.0) | 577 (0.6) |
| Median age (IQR), y | 58 (35–72) | 61 (40–76) | 54 (33–68) |
| Age, n(%) | |||
| 18–24 y | 14 309 (7.5) | 5987 (6.1) | 8322 (9.0) |
| 25–34 y | 31 591 (16.5) | 13 720 (13.9) | 17 871 (19.3) |
| 35–44 y | 18 383 (9.6) | 8651 (8.8) | 9732 (10.5) |
| 45–54 y | 21 773 (11.4) | 10 662 (10.8) | 11 111 (12.0) |
| 55–64 y | 31 868 (16.7) | 15 658 (15.9) | 16 210 (17.5) |
| 65–74 y | 31 931 (16.7) | 16 994 (17.2) | 14 937 (16.2) |
| ≥75 y | 41 394 (21.6) | 27 144 (27.5) | 14 250 (15.4) |
| Sex, n(%) | |||
| Male | 71 203 (37.2) | 39 860 (40.3) | 31 343 (33.9) |
| Female | 119 980 (62.7) | 58 926 (59.6) | 61 054 (66.1) |
| Race, n(%) | |||
| White | 156 443 (81.8) | 80 994 (82.0) | 75 449 (81.6) |
| Black | 21 776 (11.4) | 11 014 (11.2) | 10 762 (11.6) |
| Other | 5168 (2.7) | 2575 (2.6) | 2593 (2.8) |
| Type of insurance, n(%) | |||
| Commercial | 90 507 (47.3) | 43 085 (43.6) | 47 422 (51.3) |
| Medicare | 66 696 (34.9) | 40 165 (40.7) | 26 531 (28.7) |
| Medicaid | 23 413 (12.2) | 10 036 (10.2) | 13 377 (14.5) |
| Other | 10 633 (5.6) | 5530 (5.6) | 5103 (5.5) |
| Mean Elixhauser Comorbidity Index score (SD) | 0.6 (0.8) | 0.6 (0.9) | 0.5 (0.8) |
| Admission type, n (%) | |||
| Medical without ICU | 120 182 (62.8) | 71 309 (72.2) | 48 873 (52.9) |
| Medical with ICU | 13 913 (7.3) | 7156 (7.2) | 6757 (7.3) |
| Surgical without ICU | 45 235 (23.7) | 18 050 (18.3) | 27 185 (29.4) |
| Surgical with ICU | 11 919 (6.2) | 2301 (2.3) | 9618 (10.4) |
| Median length of hospital stay (IQR), d | 4 (3–6) | 3 (2–5) | 4 (3–6) |
| Deaths, n (%) | |||
| 90 d | 3840 (2.0) | 2144 (2.2) | 1696 (1.8) |
| 365 d | 11 298 (5.9) | 6833 (6.9) | 4465 (4.8) |
| Readmissions to UPMC hospitals, n (%) | |||
| 90 d | 44 005 (23.0) | 23 583 (23.9) | 20 422 (22.1) |
| 365 d | 76 108 (39.8) | 41 566 (42.1) | 34 542 (37.4) |
| HCUP CCS conditions, n (%)† | |||
| Cardiovascular | 39 015 (20.4) | 26 306 (26.6) | 12 709 (13.8) |
| Respiratory | 10 440 (5.5) | 7295 (7.4) | 3145 (3.4) |
| Gastrointestinal | 17 816 (9.3) | 7288 (7.4) | 10 528 (11.4) |
| Oncologic | 19 665 (10.3) | 8486 (8.6) | 11 179 (12.1) |
| Genitourinary/maternal health | 20 019 (10.5) | 10 434 (10.6) | 9585 (10.4) |
| Neurologic and mental health | 11 387 (6.0) | 9324 (9.4) | 2063 (2.2) |
| Musculoskeletal, trauma, and orthopedic | 42 316 (22.1) | 14 441 (14.6) | 27 875 (30.2) |
| Endocrine and hematologic | 11 169 (5.8) | 6252 (6.3) | 4917 (5.3) |
| Other | 19 422 (10.2) | 8990 (9.1) | 10 432 (11.3) |
| Comorbidities, n (%)‡ | |||
| Musculoskeletal pain conditions | 56 285 (29.4) | 26 583 (26.9) | 29 702 (32.1) |
| Depression | 24 698 (12.9) | 12 777 (12.9) | 11 921 (12.9) |
| Other mental disorders | 4982 (2.6) | 3726 (3.8) | 1256 (1.4) |
| Alcohol use disorder | 1953 (1.0) | 1383 (1.4) | 570 (0.6) |
| Drug dependence/opioid poisoning | 1934 (1.0) | 1377 (1.4) | 557 (0.6) |
| History of benzodiazepine use, n (%)§ | 8743 (4.6) | 4479 (4.5) | 4264 (4.6) |
HCUP CCS = Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Clinical Classifications Software; ICU = intensive care unit; IQR = interquartile range.
*
All differences are statistically significant (P < 0.01). χ2 test was used for P values for categorical variables, and Mann–Whitney test was used for P values for continuous variables.
†
Groupings based on International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, codes recorded.
‡
Likely to be associated with higher risk for opioid use (23).
§
Captured on home medication list collected at time of admission.