Table 2.

Association Between Inpatient Opioid Use and Subsequent Outpatient Opioid Use, Death, and Readmission at 90 and 365 Days After Discharge^*

Outcome	No Inpatient Opioid Use, %	Inpatient Opioid Use, %	Difference (95% Cl), percentage points
90 d
Outpatient opioid use	3.0 (2.8 to 3.1)	5.9 (5.7 to 6.1)	3.0 (2.8 to 3.2)
No outpatient opioid use/death/readmission	74.7 (74.3 to 75.0)	72.2 (71.9 to 72.6)	−2.5 (−2.9 to −2.1)
Death	0.2 (0.2 to 0.2)	0.3 (0.2 to 0.3)	0.1 (0.0 to 0.1)
Readmission	22.2 (21.9 to 22.5)	21.6 (21.3 to 21.9)	−0.6 (−0.9 to −0.3)
365 d
Outpatient opioid use	4.3 (4.2 to 4.5)	7.7 (7.5 to 7.9)	3.4 (3.2 to 3.6)
No outpatient opioid use/death/readmission	54.6 (54.3 to 55.0)	52.9 (52.5 to 53.3)	−1.7 (−2.1 to −1.3)
Death	0.7 (0.7 to 0.8)	0.7 (0.6 to 0.8)	−0.0 (−0.1 to 0.0)
Readmission	40.3 (39.9 to 40.7)	38.7 (38.3 to 39.1)	−1.6 (−2.0 to −1.2)

HCUP CCS = Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Clinical Classifications Software; ICU = intensive care unit.

^*Includes 182 917 cases with complete data from 191 249 inpatient stays for opioid-naive patients. The table shows predicted margins obtained from 2 multinomial logistic regression models (full results shown in Supplement Tables 2 and 3 [available at Annals.org]) that included an indicator of any inpatient opioid use and adjusted for the following covariates: age, sex, race, year of admission, payment source for hospital stay (e.g., Medicare or Medicaid), Elixhauser Comorbidity Index score, admission type (medical with no ICU stay, medical with ICU stay, surgical with no ICU stay, or surgical with ICU stay), length of stay, hospital fixed effects, HCUP CCS comorbid conditions, and history of benzodiazepine use. Outpatient opioid use at 90 and 365 d after discharge was the key outcome of interest, and death and readmission (both measured ≤90 d after discharge) were treated as competing risks and thus as separate levels of the outcome. Robust SEs were used to account for within-patient correlation.