Table 3.
Factors associated with being diagnosed with chronic kidney disease case, Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya, 2018 (n=306)
| Variable | Response | CKD n (%) | No CKD n (%) | OR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age ≥40 years | Yes | 69 (58.5) | 96 (51.1) | 1.35 (0.85, 2.15) | |
| No | 49 (41.5) | 92 (48.9) | Ref | ||
| Sex | Male | 74 (62.7) | 88(46.8) | 1.91 (1.19, 3.06) | 2.63 (1.49, 4.63) |
| Female | 44(37.3) | 100(53.2) | Ref | ||
| Any chronic disease | Yes | 99(83.9) | 134(71.3) | 2.10 (1.17, 3.76) | 1.28 (0.64, 2.57) |
| No | 19(16.1) | 54(28.7) | Ref | ||
| Cancer | Yes | 15(12.7) | 30(16.0) | 0.77 (0.39, 1.50) | |
| No | 103(87.3) | 158(84.0) | Ref | ||
| Circulation disorders | Yes | 39(33.1) | 39(20.7) | 1.89 (1.12, 3.18) | |
| No | 79(66.9) | 149(79.3) | Ref | ||
| Type 2 diabetes | Yes | 31(26.3) | 29(15.4) | 1.95 (1.11, 3.45) | 1.29 (0.66-2.52) |
| No | 87(73.7) | 159(84.6) | Ref | ||
| Hypertension | Yes | 57(48.3) | 39(20.7) | 3.57 (2.16, 5.91) | 2.71 (1.53, 4.80) |
| No | 61(51.7) | 149(79.3) | Ref | ||
| HIV infection | Yes | 20(17.0) | 40(21.3) | 0.76 (0.42, 1.37) | |
| No | 98(83.0) | 148(78.7) | Ref | ||
| Nephrotoxic drug use | Yes | 84(71.2) | 136(72.3) | 0.94 (0.57, 1.57) | |
| No | 34(28.8) | 52(27.7) | Ref | ||
| NSAIDS | Yes | 70(59.3) | 110(58.5) | 1.03 (0.65, 1.65) | |
| No | 48(40.7) | 78(41.5) | Ref | ||
| Tobacco use | Yes | 46(39.0) | 50(26.6) | 1.76 (1.08, 2.88) | 0.89 (0.47, 1.69) |
| No | 72(61.0) | 138(73.4) | Ref | ||
| Relative with renal disease | Yes | 17(14.4) | 14(7.5) | 2.09 (0.99, 4.42) | 0.90 (0.33-2.46) |
| No | 101(85.6) | 174(92.5) | Ref | ||
| Alcohol use | Yes | 70(59.3) | 77(41.0) | 2.10 (1.32, 3.36) | 1.37 (0.81, 2.31) |
| No | 48(40.7) | 111(59.0) | Ref | ||
| CVD | Yes | 49(41.5) | 54(28.7) | 1.76 (1.09, 2.86) | 1.41 (0.76-2.63) |
| No | 69(58.5) | 134(71.3) | Ref | ||
| Residence | Urban | 97(51.6) | 54(45.8) | 1.26 (0.80, 2.00) | |
| Rural | 91(48.4) | 64(54.2) | Ref | ||
| Recurrent UTIa | Yes | 41(34.8) | 35(18.6) | 2.33 (1.37, 3.95) | 1.23 (0.65, 2.32) |
| No | 77(65.2) | 153(81.4) | Ref | ||
| Hematuria historya | Yes | 26(22.0) | 4(2.1) | 13.00 (4.29, 52.35) | 7.68 (2.37, 24.86) |
| No | 92(78.0) | 184(97.9) | Ref | ||
| Herbal medications usea | Yes | 34(28.8) | 37(19.7) | 1.65 (0.97, 2.83) | 1.97 (1.07, 3.64) |
| No | 84(71.2) | 151(80.3) | Ref | ||
| History of proteinuriaa | Yes | 36(30.5) | 9(4.8) | 8.73 (4.02, 18.97) | 5.16 (2.09, 12.74) |
| No | 82(69.5) | 179(95.2) | Ref | ||
| History of Kidney stonesa | Yes | 10(8.5) | 2(1.1) | 8.61 (1.78, 81.72) | 0.67 (0.09, 5.29) |
| No | 108(91.5) | 186(98.9) | Ref | ||
| History of anaemiaa | Yes | 57(48.3) | 58(30.9) | 2.09 (1.30,3.37) | 1.80 (1.02, 3.19) |
| No | 61(51.7) | 130(69.1) | Ref |
a
These symptoms were prior to diagnosis of chronic kidney disease or current admission for the incident cases
b: deep venous thrombosis or peripheral vascular disease, OR: odds ratio, aOR: adjusted odds ratio, NSAIDS: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, CVD: cardiovascular disease, UTI: urinary tract infection, Ref: reference group, NS: non-significant