Table 1.
The basic characteristics of the included studies.
| Study, year | Design | Setting | Age, years∗ | Cause of ARF | Sample size | Duration of therapy | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HFNC | COT | NIV | ||||||
| Bell et al. [24] | RCT | ED | 73.7 ± 17.5 | COPD, respiratory tract infection, cardiac related, pulmonary embolism, asthma | 48 | 52 | — | 2 h |
| Rittayamai et al. [25] | RCT | ED | 64.6 ± 15.1 | CHF, pneumonia, asthma, COPD, others | 20 | 20 | — | 1 h |
| Jones et al. [26] | RCT | ED | 73.5 ± 16.2 | COPD, pneumonia, asthma, others | 165 | 138 | — | 5 h |
| Makdee et al. [27] | RCT | ED | 70 ± 15 | Cardiogenic pulmonary edema | 63 | 65 | — | 2.9 h (0.2–9.3 h) |
| Doshi et al. [28] | RCT | ED | 63.4 ± 14 | COPD, CHF, pneumonia, asthma | 104 | — | 100 | 72 h |
RCT, randomized controlled trial; ED, emergency department; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CHF, congestive heart failure; h, hours. ∗Mean ± standard deviation (SD).