Table 1.
Possible Precipitating Factors for Acute Acalculous Cholecystitis.
| Physical damage | Disorders of metabolism and nutrition | |
| Surgical operations (particularly those not related to the biliary tract) (2, 5) | Diabetes mellitus (6, 7, 9) | |
| Trauma (7) | Hyperlipidemia (7) | |
| Burns (7) | Total parenteral nutrition (7, 8, 9) | |
| Disorders of the cardiovascular system and hemodynamics | Prolonged fasting (8) | |
| Hypertension (7, 6) | Obesity (5) | |
| Arteriosclerosis (5) | Infectious diseases | |
| Atrial fibrillation (7) | Sepsis (8) | |
| Congestive heart failure (7) | Bacterial infections | |
| Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (7) | Hemolytic Streptococcus (5) | |
| Dilated cardiomyopathy (7) | Staphylococcus aureus (17) | |
| Phlebitis (5) | Salmonella enterica (5) | |
| Shock (7, 8) | Vibrio cholerae (18) | |
| Mesenteric ischemia (2) | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (19) | |
| Variceal hemorrhage (2) | Viral infections | |
| Cerebrovascular accident (2) | Human cytomegalovirus (20) | |
| Disorders of the gallbladder | Epstein-Barr virus (21) | |
| Gallbladder distension (9) | Fungal infections | |
| Gallbladder sludge (9) | Candida (22) | |
| Disorders of the immune system | Parasitic infections | |
| Systemic lupus erythematosus (10) | Cryptosporidium (20) | |
| Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (11) | Microsporidia (20) | |
| Polyarteritis nodosa (12) | Plasmodium falciparum (23) | |
| Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis (13) | Giardia lamblia (24) | |
| Antiphospholipid syndrome (14) | Clonorchis sinensis (6) | |
| Pemphigus vulgaris (2) | Others | |
| IgA vasculitis (15) | Progressive multiple organ failure (9) | |
| Macrophage activation syndrome (16) | Intravenous narcotics (8) | |
| Ethanol withdrawal (2) | ||
| Postpartum instances (5) |