Figure 1.

Gingiva‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs) characterization. A, The first adherent gingival cells appeared at day 1. The cells showed spindle‐shaped, fibroblast‐like morphology under a light microscope. B, The GMSCs showed high proliferation and formation of colony at day 5. C, The first adherent bone marrow cells appeared at day 5. D, The BMSCs showed high proliferation at day 10. E‐J, showed multi‐lineage differentiation of gingiva‐derived mesenchymal stem cells. E, Osteogenic differentiation at day 21. F, Control at day 21 after Alizarin Red S staining. G, Adipogenic differentiation at day 14. Many oil droplets were observed at day 14. H, Control at day 14 after Oil Red O staining. Oil droplets were not shown at day 14. I, Chondrogenic differentiation at day 14. Chondrogenic differentiation observed after Alcian Blue staining. J, Control at day 14 after Alcian blue. Cell pellet was not formed from the pellet culture. K, Expression of stem cell immunophenotype observed with flow cytometry. The gingiva‐derived mesenchymal stem cells expressed CD90 and CD105 surface antigens, but did not express CD19 and CD45