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. 2019 Sep 21;9(23):6949–6961. doi: 10.7150/thno.38061

Figure 3.

Figure 3

GDF5-regulated chondrogenesis of BMSCs in vitro. A. (a) Aggregation of rabbit BMSCs in different treatment groups at 2 weeks under light microscopy in vitro. Application of exogenous recombinant human GDF5 (100ng/ml) and GDF5 overexpression significantly induced aggregation of BMSCs (red dotted areas) and differentiation of BMSCs into articular chondrocyte-like cells. (b) alcian blue staining of BMSCs in different treatment groups under light microscopy and (c) the gross appearance of the stained cells in the culture plate. (d) Immunofluorescent assay of COL2A1 (red) expression and nucleus in different treatment groups observed under confocal microscopy. Scale bar=200μm. B. GDF5 expression in different treatment groups (n=6 for each) were verified using RT-PCR. *P < 0.05 between control group and other groups C. Expression of chondrogenic marker SOX9 in different treatment groups (n=6 for each) were verified using RT-PCR. *P < 0.05 between control group and other groups. D. Expression of chondrocyte marker COL2A1 in different treatment groups (n=6 for each) were verified using RT-PCR. *P < 0.05 between control group and other groups. E. Expression of the hypertrophic marker COL10A1 in different treatment groups (n=6 for each) were verified using RT-PCR. *P < 0.05 between control group and other groups. Data are presented as averages ± SD. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post-hoc Tukey's B test was applied.