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Schematic illustration the role of ES-EVs on MSCs. The ES-EVs transfer the IGF1, a secreted factor derived from ES cells, to senescent MSCs and activate the IGF1R/AKT signaling pathway of MSCs. Then mediating ES-EVs enhances the therapeutic effect of MSCs by improving cellular proliferation, increasing stemness, suppressing the senescence phenotypes, decreasing SA-β-gal activity, and reducing DNA damage.
