Table 3.
Mean Effect Sizes and Moderator Analyses (k = 38)
Parameter | k | Effect Size (g) | 95% CI | P | Heterogeneity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean effect size | |||||
Pain severity* | 38 | 0.34 | 0.23 to 0.46 | < .001 | I2 = 60.1, P < .001 |
Pain interference | 4 | 0.40 | 0.21 to 0.60 | < .001 | I2 = 0.001, P = .74 |
Categorical moderators (pain severity) | |||||
Intervention type† | |||||
Skills based | 18 | 0.45 | 0.21 to 0.69 | .22 | |
Educational | 19 | 0.29 | 0.19 to 0.39 | ||
Pain as study outcome | |||||
Primary | 32 | 0.37 | 0.24 to 0.50 | .26 | |
Secondary | 6 | 0.24 | 0.06 to 0.42 | ||
Presence of pain required for eligibility | |||||
No | 14 | 0.33 | 0.06 to 0.59 | .94 | |
Yes | 24 | 0.34 | 0.22 to 0.45 | ||
Delivery setting | |||||
Clinic only | 24 | 0.25 | 0.10 to 0.40 | .08 | |
Home | 8 | 0.43 | 0.29 to 0.58 | ||
Continuous moderators (pain severity) | |||||
No. of treatment sessions | 38 | B = 0.002 | .76 | ||
Percentage of women to men participants | 35 | B = 0.001 | .77 | ||
Percentage of minority participants (US studies only) | 19 | B = 0.001 | .50 |
All studies fall within 2 standard deviations of the mean effect size.
Goodwin et al34 was removed for this analysis because it was the only intervention primarily based on social support.