Table 2.
Baseline characteristics in the riser and non‐riser groups
| Characteristic | HFpEF | HFmrEF | HFrEF | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non‐riser (n = 80) | Riser (n = 50) | P value | Non‐riser (n = 44) | Riser (n = 27) | P value | Non‐riser (n = 83) | Riser (n = 41) | P value | |
| Demographic | |||||||||
| Age, years | 75.7 ± 11.0 | 75.9 ± 11.8 | 0.8368 | 75.5 ± 11.3 | 76.6 ± 10.5 | 0.7355 | 71.4 ± 12.7 | 69.0 ± 12.3 | 0.2542 |
| Female, % | 58.8 | 50.0 | 0.3292 | 50.0 | 33.3 | 0.1665 | 26.5 | 31.7 | 0.5472 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.3 ± 3.4 | 23.6 ± 4.2 | 0.6677 | 22.0 ± 3.4 | 23.6 ± 4.2 | 0.6677 | 23.1 ± 3.1 | 24.1 ± 4.4 | 0.1221 |
| Cause of HF, % | |||||||||
| Ischaemic | 23.8 | 22.0 | 0.8174 | 65.9 | 51.9 | 0.2406 | 43.4 | 36.6 | 0.4684 |
| Valvular | 13.8 | 18.0 | 0.5166 | 11.4 | 11.1 | 0.9739 | 8.4 | 4.9 | 0.4585 |
| Dilated cardiomyopathy | 6.3 | 4.0 | 0.5729 | 15.9 | 18.5 | 0.7768 | 36.1 | 41.5 | 0.5668 |
| Medical history, % | |||||||||
| Hypertension | 77.5 | 86.0 | 0.2236 | 72.7 | 69.2 | 0.7550 | 74.1 | 85.4 | 0.1452 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 41.8 | 42.0 | 0.9796 | 52.3 | 40.7 | 0.3440 | 38.3 | 43.9 | 0.5498 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 37.3 | 48.0 | 0.2365 | 53.7 | 56.0 | 0.8529 | 40.0 | 31.7 | 0.3688 |
| Smoking | 16.3 | 22.0 | 0.4145 | 39.5 | 25.9 | 0.2381 | 31.7 | 27.5 | 0.6334 |
| Old myocardial infarction | 22.5 | 12.0 | 0.1241 | 45.5 | 29.6 | 0.1815 | 34.6 | 26.8 | 0.3827 |
| Clinical scenario (CS), % | 0.1701 | 0.3329 | 0.3191 | ||||||
| CS1 | 62.5 | 74.0 | 63.6 | 55.6 | 44.6 | 56.1 | |||
| CS2 | 28.8 | 24.0 | 36.4 | 40.7 | 45.8 | 31.7 | |||
| CS3 | 8.8 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 3.7 | 9.6 | 12.2 | |||
| NYHA class on admission, % | |||||||||
| III or IV | 90.0 | 84.0 | 0.3167 | 88.6 | 100 | 0.0251 | 90.4 | 90.2 | 0.9834 |
| Echocardiographic parameters | |||||||||
| LVEF, % | 63.5 ± 8.2 | 63.1 ± 6.8 | 0.7033 | 44.6 ± 2.9 | 44.7 ± 2.5 | 0.9430 | 29.4 ± 6.8 | 30.1 ± 6.7 | 0.5389 |
| LVEDD, mm | 46.4 ± 6.4 | 47.3 ± 6.0 | 0.6175 | 52.6 ± 6.8 | 53.1 ± 7.1 | 0.8708 | 59.7 ± 9.4 | 62.3 ± 8.7 | 0.3405 |
| Laboratory data at discharge | |||||||||
| Haemoglobin, g/dL | 11.3 ± 1.9 | 11.0 ± 1.9 | 0.2751 | 11.2 ± 1.7 | 11.1 ± 1.7 | 0.6826 | 12.3 ± 2.0 | 12.7 ± 2.4 | 0.3650 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 40.7 ± 23.2 | 36.1 ± 22.6 | 0.3115 | 45.2 ± 18.9 | 40.6 ± 15.9 | 0.3255 | 47.2 ± 23.2 | 49.2 ± 27.0 | 0.8776 |
| Sodium, mmol/L | 138.0 ± 3.5 | 138.8 ± 3.6 | 0.0993 | 136.9 ± 3.2 | 138.0 ± 3.6 | 0.3467 | 137.5 ± 3.7 | 137.8 ± 3.1 | 0.8259 |
| Plasma BNP, pg/mLa | 196 (113–377) | 183 (114–345) | 0.9765 | 322 (104–574) | 335 (199–697) | 0.2469 | 288 (178–539) | 327 (209–513) | 0.9498 |
| Medication at discharge, % | |||||||||
| ACEi or ARBs | 77.5 | 80.0 | 0.7350 | 88.4 | 85.2 | 0.7002 | 92.7 | 97.6 | 0.2384 |
| MRAs | 37.5 | 18.0 | 0.0157 | 32.6 | 33.3 | 0.9464 | 47.7 | 51.2 | 0.7020 |
| Beta‐blockers | 61.3 | 62.0 | 0.9318 | 81.4 | 74.1 | 0.4707 | 90.2 | 92.7 | 0.6500 |
| Ca channel blockers | 41.8 | 56.0 | 0.1145 | 19.1 | 22.2 | 0.7499 | 7.4 | 2.4 | 0.2326 |
| Diuretics | 83.8 | 76.0 | 0.2797 | 79.1 | 92.6 | 0.1134 | 89.0 | 85.4 | 0.5638 |
ACEi, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; beta‐blocker, beta‐adrenergic receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; BNP, B‐type natriuretic peptide; Ca, calcium; EDD, end‐diastolic diameter; EF ejection fraction; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HF, heart failure; HFmrEF, heart failure with mid‐range ejection fraction; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure reduced with ejection fraction; LV, left ventricular; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PRA, plasma renin activity.
Data are shown as percentages, means ± standard deviation, or medians (25th and 75th percentile).