Table 3.
Detection frequencies, contents and violations of antibiotics in frozen turkey muscle, gizzard and chicken muscle.
| Antibiotics | FTM (n = 50) |
FTG (n = 50) |
FCM (n = 50) |
||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%)I | Mean ± SD (μg/kg) | Range (μg/kg) | MC (μg/kg) | N %ii | n (%)i | Mean ± SD (μg/kg) | Range (μg/kg) | MC (μg/kg) | N %ii | n (%)i | Mean ± SD (μg/kg) | Range (μg/kg) | MC (μg/kg) | N % ii | |
| Sulfonamides | |||||||||||||||
| Sulfamoxole | 1(2) | 28.71 ± 0.00 | 0.00 | 28.71 | 0 | 1(2) | 61.64 ± 0.00 | 0 | 61.64 | 0 | – | – | – | – | |
| Sulfadiazine | 11(22) | 41.89 ± 4.56 | 147.15 | 151.04 | 18.18 | 5(10) | 41.09 ± 16.00 | 71.42 | 78.98 | 0 | 3(6) | 39.85 ± 38.09 | 73.56 | 82.35 | 0 |
| Sulfadimethoxine | 20(40) | 32.97 ± 33.52 | 147.19 | 148.80 | 5.00 | 9(18) | 89.14 ± 94.28 | 313.61 | 333.61 | 16.67 | 9(18) | 43.13 ± 60.02 | 184.22 | 192.78 | 11.11 |
| Sulfaguanidine | 8(16) | 10.58 ± 4.72 | 13.84 | 15.96 | 0 | 3(6) | 6.15 ± 4.31 | 8.16 | 9.44 | 0 | 6(12) | 14.12 ± 10.25 | 26.42 | 33.08 | 0 |
| Sulfamerazine | 10(20) | 70.97 ± 73.24 | 225.81 | 235.06 | 20.00 | 6(12) | 102.89 ± 63.02 | 166.40 | 147.69 | 33.33 | 6(12) | 35.49 ± 19.90 | 54.38 | 66.53 | 0 |
| Sulfameter | 14(28) | 42.79 ± 52.49 | 214.27 | 218.81 | 7.14 | 7(14) | 38.62 ± 14.48 | 43.06 | 60.20 | 0 | 9(18) | 36.50 ± 20.06 | 58.97 | 70.35 | 0 |
| Sulfamethazine | 17(34) | 52.08 ± 33.06 | 110.68 | 123.009 | 5.88 | 6(12) | 84.80 ± 84.00 | 213.42 | 237.63 | 33.33 | 10(20) | 86.15 ± 92.85 | 313.18 | 342.00 | 10.00 |
| Sulfamethoxazole | 9(18) | 208.31 ± 330.97 | 1042.36 | 1083.44 | 44.44 | 1(2) | 28.22 ± 0.00 | 0 | 28.22 | 0 | 2(4) | 284.94 ± 228.93 | 323.76 | 446.81 | 100.00 |
| Sulfaquinoxaline | 13(26) | 21.30 ± 18.57 | 59.09 | 60.00 | 0 | 6(12) | 33.95 ± 26.64 | 54.18 | 60.00 | 0 | 11(22) | 44.46 ± 50.53 | 145.95 | 147.50 | 0 |
| Sulfixosazole | 26(54) | 110.13 ± 173.54 | 712.94 | 722.99 | 46.15 | 10(20) | 128.44 ± 90.46 | 191.46 | 231.81 | 80.00 | 14(28) | 81.78. ± 91.54 | 269.21 | 286.74 | 50.00 |
| Sulfasalazine | 20(40) | 33.75 ± 50.27 | 233.78 | 235.12 | 5.00 | 11(22) | 21.57 ± 9.60 | 30.42 | 39.44 | 0 | 14(28) | 50.47 ± 66.59 | 197.72 | 199.09 | 14.29 |
| β-lactams | |||||||||||||||
| Ampicillin | 7(14) | 908.20 ± 40.14 | 2666.12 | 2667.32 | 57.14 | 2(4) | 476.42 ± 40.14 | 56.77 | 504.81 | 100 | 3(6) | 201.97 ± 303.75 | 526.11 | 552.70 | 33.33 |
| Penicillin-G | 1(2) | 11.93 ± 0.00 | 0.00 | 11.93 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | 1(2) | 5.08 ± 0.00 | 0 | 5.08 | 0 |
| Fluoroquinolones | |||||||||||||||
| Ciprofloxacin | 8(16) | 17.56 ± 25.50 | 78.13 | 79.21 | 0 | 1(2) | 5.25 ± 0.00 | 0 | 5.25 | 0 | 5(10) | 39.23 ± 34.46 | 79.82 | 98.76 | 0 |
| Lincosamides | |||||||||||||||
| Lincomycin | 11(22) | 1.64 ± 0.11 | 0.34 | 1.88 | 0 | 3(6) | 1.58 ± 0.02 | 0.04 | 1.59 | 0 | 2(4) | 1.59 ± 0.10 | 0.20 | 1.70 | 0 |
| Benzimidazoles | |||||||||||||||
| Albendazole | 2(4) | 11.03 ± 6.44 | 21.45 | 23.78 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Mebendazole | 11(22) | 19.70 ± 11.05 | 35.04 | 38.14 | 0 | 3(6) | 16.97 ± 6.48 | 22.73 | 24.05 | 0 | 13(26) | 13.23 ± 9.21 | 30.09 | 25.42 | 0 |
| Macrolides | |||||||||||||||
| Azithromycin | 6(12) | 4.80 ± 3.66 | 8.57 | 9.84 | 0 | 2(4) | 22.96 ± 5.19 | 7.35 | 26.63 | 0 | 3(6) | 17.19 ± 6.55 | 12.59 | 24.54 | 0 |
| Erythromycin | 8(16) | 5.24 ± 5.88 | 18.34 | 18.66 | 0 | 2(4) | 4.06 ± 1.85 | 0 | 5.98 | 0 | 2(4) | 25.87 ± 26.79 | 37.88 | 6.93 | 0 |
| Phebendazole | 2(4) | 12.13 ± 0.00 | 0.00 | 12.13 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Roxithromycin | 14(28) | 131.45 ± 107.86 | 354.76 | 358.55 | 57.14 | 6(12) | 60.89 ± 57.90 | 115.83 | 120.47 | 50 | 6(12) | 47.072 ± 71.54 | 183.64 | 191.47 | 16.67 |
| Tylosin | 14(28) | 66.09 ± 41.15 | 141.69 | 161.84 | 14.29 | 6(12) | 107.93 ± 50.71 | 130.09 | 179.21 | 50 | 7(14) | 43.49 ± 20.11 | 47.88 | 71.17 | 0 |
Key: FTM- Frozen turkey muscle, FTG- Frozen turkey gizzard, FCM- Frozen chicken muscle.
i
Positive detection (detection frequency, %).
ii
Violation (violation frequency, %), MC: Maximum content; - Not detected.