Exhibit 3.
Outpatient substance use treatment facilities that did and did not offer medication treatment (MT) in 2016, by facility characteristics
| Facility characteristic | Facilities offering MT | Odds ratios, comparison of facilities offering and not offering MT | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Numbera | Percent | Unadjusted | Adjustedb | |
| Operated by: | ||||
| Private for-profit organization (n = 4,549) | 1,774 | 39.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Private nonprofit organization (n = 5,751) | 1,929 | 33.5 | 0.68**** | 0.52**** |
| State government (n = 205) | 68 | 33.2 | 0.65*** | 0.45**** |
| Local, county, or community government (n = 631) | 182 | 28.8 | 0.51**** | 0.41**** |
| Tribal government (n = 242) | 56 | 23.1 | 0.64*** | 0.82 |
| Department of Veterans Affairs (n = 201) | 177 | 88.1 | 12.36**** | 5.51**** |
| Department of Defense (n = 86) | 23 | 26.7 | 0.53** | 0.92 |
| IHS or other federal agency (n = 28) | 9 | 32.1 | 0.99 | 1.21 |
| Located in or operated by a hospital | ||||
| No (n = 10,659) | 3,518 | 33.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes (n = 1,033) | 699 | 67.7 | 3.90**** | 3.24**** |
| Has inpatient services | ||||
| No (n = 11,286) | 3,872 | 34.3 | 1.00 | —c |
| Yes (n = 407) | 346 | 85.0 | 11.96**** | —c |
| Has nonhospital residential services | ||||
| No (n = 10,517) | 3,588 | 34.1 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes (n = 1,176) | 630 | 53.6 | 2.63**** | 3.20**** |
| Size | ||||
| Small to medium (n = 6,140) | 1,708 | 27.8 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Large (n = 3,484) | 1,700 | 48.8 | 1.80**** | 2.01**** |
| Receives any federal, state, county, or local funds | ||||
| No (n = 5,357) | 2,092 | 39.1 | 1.00 | —d |
| Yes (n = 5,854) | 1,926 | 32.9 | 0.74**** | —d |
| Accepts Medicaid | ||||
| No (n = 3,776) | 1,239 | 32.8 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes (n = 7,661) | 2,878 | 37.6 | 0.99 | 1.20*** |
| Accepts Medicare | ||||
| No (n = 7,039) | 2,362 | 33.6 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes (n = 4,321) | 1,744 | 40.4 | 1.22**** | 1.14** |
| Accepts state-financed health insurance other than Medicaid | ||||
| No (n = 5,380) | 1,893 | 35.2 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes (n = 5,583) | 2,018 | 36.1 | 1.52**** | 0.87** |
| Accepts private insurance | ||||
| No (n = 3,098) | 898 | 29.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes (n = 8,360) | 3,246 | 38.8 | 1.52**** | 1.17** |
| Accepts cash or self-payment | ||||
| No (n = 982) | 237 | 24.1 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes (n = 10,549) | 3,909 | 37.4 | 1.69**** | 1.62**** |
| Provides free treatment for all clients | ||||
| No (n = 11,279) | 4,153 | 36.8 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes (n = 272) | 22 | 8.1 | 0.18**** | 0.38**** |
source Authors’ analysis of data for 2016 from the National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services.
notes Facilities that treated only patients convicted of driving while intoxicated or driving under the influence were excluded. Of the 11,693 facilities in the study, 4,218 (36.1 percent) offered MT (defined as offering methadone, buprenorphine, or extended-release naltrexone). Small-to-medium and large facilities are defined in the text. IHS is Indian Health Service.
Actual number of facilities, not imputed data.
Adjusted for type of operating organization, whether in or operated by a hospital, whether residential services were available in the facility, size of facility, and types of insurance accepted.
Not included in the multivariable model due to overlap with the variable of being located in or operated by a hospital.
Not included in the multivariable model due to overlap with the variable of being operated by a government agency.
p < 0:05
p < 0:01
p < 0:001