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Effect of buffer components and excipient on the acid-induced aggregation of IgG4-N1. The aggregation rate constants, k values, are plotted on a log-10 scale in various solution conditions at pH 3.0 and 5.0 g/L (for VIA). The control sample is in 25 mM glycine and 10 mM succinate, with the excipient ratios for the other samples in w/v. The error bars represent standard deviation of duplicate experiments.
