Table 2.

Manner and Instrument verb characteristics (means, standard deviations and t-tests of differences between the two verb categories). Word frequency was obtained from Francis & Kučera (1982). Familiarity ratings on a scale of 1 to 7 (seven being the most familiar), imageability ratings on a scale of 1 to 7 (seven being the most imageable), and picture naming accuracy and latency were taken from the data reported by Almor et al. (2009). Action relatedness ratings were provided by 15 participants recruited via Mechanical Turk who rated how strongly they thought the verb was associated with an action on a scale of 1 to 7 (seven being strongly associated with an action). Object relatedness ratings were provided by the same 15 participants who indicated how object-related they thought was the action described by each verb on a scale of 1 to 7 (seven being strongly object-related).

	Manner Verbs (n=24)	Instrument Verbs (n=24)	t-test (2 tails)
Word Frequency	57.08 (74.73)	35.79 (49.84)	t(46) = 1.13, p = .26
Familiarity	6.05 (0.59)	5.85 (0.54)	t(46) = 1.23, p = .22
Imageability	5.04 (0.97)	4.74 (0.59)	t(46) = 1.14, p = .26
Action relatedness	4.60 (1.50)	5.13 (0.85)	t(46) < 1.51, p = 0.14
Object relatedness	2.70 (0.79)	5.60 (0.77)	t(46) = 12.68, p < 0.001
Picture naming accuracy	76% (24)	74% (21)	t(46) < 1, p = .82
Picture naming latency (ms)	1167 (325)	1150 (248)	t(46) < 1, p = .84