Table 1.
Comparison of demographic characteristics, interventions in the first 72 h and morbidity of neonates without IVH and those with IVH.
| No IVH (n = 374) | Mild IVH (n = 73) | Severe IVH (n = 48) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal characteristics, n (%) | ||||
| Antenatal steroids | 320 (85.6) | 55 (75.3) | 32 (66.6) | 0.001 |
| Rupture of membrane >24 h | 81 (21.6) | 15 (20.5) | 8 (16.6) | NS* |
| Chorioamnionitis | 63 (16.8) | 14 (19.1) | 14 (29.1) | <0.001 |
| Vaginal delivery | 208 (55.6) | 49 (67.1) | 32 (66.7) | 0.08 |
| Neonatal characteristics | ||||
| Gestational age, mean ± SD (weeks) | 26.4 ± 1.5 | 25.5 ± 1.53 | 25.5 ± 1.57 | <0.001 |
| Birth weight, mean ± SD (g) | 893 ± 236 | 816 ± 227 | 805 ± 217 | 0.004 |
| Male, n (%) | 192 (51.3) | 37 (50.6) | 30 (62.5) | NS |
| Small for gestational age, n (%) | 48 (12.8) | 7 (9.5) | 4 (8.3) | NS |
| Multiple gestations, n (%) | 103 (27.5) | 23 (31.5) | 17 (35.4) | NS |
| Apgar score <5 at 5 min, n (%) | 71 (18.9) | 12 (16.4) | 17 (35.4) | 0.01 |
| Umbilical cord pH < 7, n (%) | 11 (2.9) | 2 (2.7) | 3 (6.2) | 0.03 |
| Delayed cord clamping, n (%) | 145 (38.8) | 23 (31.5) | 14 (29.1) | NS |
| Outborn, n (%) | 32 (8.6) | 9 (12.3) | 9 (18.7) | 0.07 |
| Respiratory, n (%) | ||||
| Respiratory distress syndrome | 269 (71.9) | 70 (95.8) | 47 (97.9) | <0.001 |
| Extubated within 72 h | 137 (36.6) | 25 (34.2) | 8 (16.6) | 0.02 |
| Extubation failure | 27 (7.2) | 8 (10.9) | 8 (16.6) | 0.06 |
| Pneumothorax | 16 (4.3) | 1 (1.3) | 2 (4.1) | NS |
| Inhaled nitric oxide treatment | 52 (13.9) | 12 (16.4) | 14 (29.1) | 0.02 |
| Hypocapnea | 149 (39.8) | 22 (30.1) | 24 (50) | 0.08 |
| Hypercapnea | 113 (30.2) | 38 (52) | 32 (66.6) | <0.001 |
| pCO2 fluctuation | 35 (9.4) | 13 (17.8) | 17 (35.4) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular, n (%) | ||||
| Normal saline bolus use | 87 (23.2) | 39 (53.4) | 28 (58.3) | <0.001 |
| Inotrope use | 35 (9.3) | 20 (27.4) | 23 (47.9) | <0.001 |
| Dopamine | 35 (9.3) | 14 (19.1) | 18 (37.5) | <0.001 |
| Dobutamine | 32 (8.5) | 16 (21.9) | 18 (37.5) | <0.001 |
| Metabolic, n (%) | ||||
| Hypoglycemia | 124 (33.1) | 26 (35.6) | 18 (37.5) | NS |
| Hyperglycemia | 43 (11.5) | 19 (26) | 9 (18.7) | 0.02 |
| Hypothermia | 21 (5.6) | 4 (5.4) | 5 (10.4) | 0.03 |
| Hyperthermia | 41 (10.9) | 11 (15) | 7 (14.5) | 0.05 |
| Acidosis | 111 (29.6) | 39 (53.4) | 35 (72.9) | <0.001 |
| Alkalosis | 21 (5.6) | 5 (6.8) | 3 (6.2) | NS |
| Bicarbonate/THAM therapy | 14 (3.7) | 7 (9.5) | 12 (25) | <0.001 |
| Other, n (%) | ||||
| Sedation | 39 (10.4) | 16 (21.9) | 26 (54.1) | <0.001 |
| Early onset sepsis | 6 (1.6) | 4 (5.4) | 3 (6.2) | 0.04 |
| Mortality in first week | 10 (2.7) | 6 (8.2) | 16 (33.3) | <0.001 |
*
NS, not significant.