Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2019 Oct 22;10:729. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00729

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

Copyright © 2019 Gomariz, Juarranz, Carrión, Pérez-García, Villanueva-Romero, González-Álvaro, Gutiérrez-Cañas, Lamana and Martínez.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

PMC Copyright notice

Functional consequences of VPAC receptors signaling. VIP binds both, VPAC1 and VPAC2. VPAC receptors have greater affinity for Gαs than Gαq, indicating that VPAC receptors preferentially stimulate adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity, increasing cAMP levels and triggering downstream pathways, mainly the canonical PKA pathway and the non-canonical cAMP-activated guanine nucleotide exchange factor (EPAC) pathway. Moreover, these receptors can also interact with accessory GPCR interacting proteins (GIPs), such as RAMPs or PDZ-containing proteins (PDZ-cp). In addition, VPAC1 is also able to translocate to nucleus. Activation of VPAC receptors signaling modulates a number of biological processes, which eventually lead to the decrease of the inflammation, cartilage destruction and bone erosion. In relation to the clinical application, it has been reported the beneficial effects of nanoparticles of VIP self-associated with sterically stabilized micelles (SSMs) in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) murine model (18, 19) and DSS induced colitis (20). We have also demonstrated the prognosis value of VIP serum levels and VIP genetic variants. Moreover, VPAC receptors expression has been described as activity biomarkers associated with patients-reported impairment (21–23).