Table 1.
Group differences in demographic and clinical characteristics.
| (n = 30) | (n = 38) | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic variables | Age, year | 68.83 ± 4.41 | 66.42 ± 5.04 | 0.17 |
| Male, n (%) | 14 (46.7%) | 16 (42.12%) | 0.68 | |
| Education, year | 8.46 ± 1.19 | 8.64 ± 1.01 | 0.35 | |
| Hyperlipidemia | n (%) | 7 (23.3%) | 8 (21.1%) | 0.56 |
| Coronary artery disease | n (%) | 2 (6.6%) | 2 (5.2%) | 0.32 |
| Osteoporosis | n (%) | 13 (43.3%) | 16 (42.1%) | 0.61 |
| Obesity | n (%) | 6 (20.0%) | 8 (21.1%) | 0.56 |
| Smoking | n (%) | 9 (30%) | 11 (28.9%) | 0.32 |
| Mild depression | n (%) | 2 (6%) | 4 (10.1%) | 0.08 |
| Antidepressants | n (%) | 2 (6%) | 3 (7.8%) | 0.23 |
| Cognitive tests | ||||
| Memory | AVL-SR score | 6.36 ± 2.46 | 3.87 ± 1.46 | 0.010* |
| AVL-LR score | 6.273 ± 2.17 | 4.33 ± 1.23 | 0.019* | |
| Attention | Symbol Digit Modalities Test score | 35.91 ± 7.24 | 32.55 ± 5.32 | 0.213 |
| Language | Boston Naming score | 21.64 ± 4.32 | 20.18 ± 5.02 | 0.113 |
| Executive function | Stroop color word test score | 2.15 ± 1.06 | 2.08 ± 0.77 | 0.849 |
| MMSE total score | 26.87 ± 1.88 | 23.75 ± 2.52 | <0.001** | |
| MoCA total score | 24.13 ± 2.41 | 21.42 ± 2.02 | <0.001** |
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. AVL-SR: AVLT-H test, short-term (5-min delay time) delayed recalls. AVL-LR: AVLT-H test, long-term (20-min delay time) delayed recall.