Table 3.
Meat quality of Japanese quail supplemented with natural ingredients in their diet
| Natural source | Management of birds | Relevant results | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Medicinal herbs | |||
| Green tea (Camellia sinensis) |
Age and weight: 4 d-old/N.A. Dose and duration: 0, 1.25, and 2.5 g of powdered leaves kg−1 and 30 d of supplementation Husbandry conditions: 17 birds×cage (45×100 cm), 5 replicates per treatment; temperature (21.7°C), moisture (45%) and illumination (N.A.); vaccines (N.A) Slaughter: fasting time (N.A.) and method (N.A.) Sex: not sexed (∅) Meat/temperature and storage time: breast and leg/–20°C until analysis, storage time not specified |
At 2.5 g kg−1; breast (∅); p = 0.044 (▲) water holding capacity (5.4%) At 2.5 g kg−1; leg (∅) (●) water holding capacity (65.8%); p<0.05 |
Kara et al [53] |
| Peppermint (Mentha piperita) |
Age and weight: 8 d-old/29.6 g Dose and duration: 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 g of powdered leaves kg−1 and 7 to 35 d of supplementation Husbandry conditions: 12 birds×cage (N.A.), 5 replicates per treatment; temperature (35°C during the first wk, with a subsequent reduction of 3°C per wk), moisture (60%) and illumination (N.A.); vaccine (NewCastle, only to measure humoral response) Slaughter: fasting time (N.A.) and method (cervical dislocation) Sex: not sexed (∅) Meat/temperature and storage time: leg/–20°C, 30 d |
At 20 to 30 g kg−1 (∅) (▼) lipid oxidation-MDA (65.0%); p = 0.001 (▼) cooking loss (14.75%); p<0.001 (▼) drip loss (2.7%); p<0.001 (●) water holding capacity (70.1%) (●) pH value (6.4) |
Mehri et al [62] |
| Peppermint (Mentha spicata) |
Age and weight: 7 d-old/34.9 g Dose and duration: 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% of powdered leaves and 7 to 35 d of supplementation Husbandry conditions: 15 birds×cage (N.A.), 4 replicates per treatment; temperature (35°C during the first wk, with a subsequent reduction of 3°C per wk), moisture (60%) and illumination (N.A.); vaccine (N.A.) Slaughter: fasting time (N.A.) and method (cervical dislocation) Sex: not sexed (∅) Meat/temperature and storage time: breast and leg/–20°C, 90 d |
At 1%; breast (∅); p<0.05 (▼) lipid oxidation-MDA (17.5%); p<0.05 At 1%; leg (∅) (▼) lipid oxidation-MDA (16.5%); p<0.05 |
Ghazaghi et al [51] |
| Spices | |||
| Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) |
Age and weight: 420 d-old/N.A. Dose and duration: 0, 100, and 200 mg of oil kg−1 and 1 and 2 g of powder kg−1 and 35 d of supplementation Husbandry conditions: 15 birds×cage (100×100 cm2), 4 replicates per treatment; temperature (37°C to 25°C), moisture (N.A.) and illumination (24 h, fluorescent light of 20-lx intensity); vaccine (N.A.) Slaughter: fasting time (12 h) and method (cervical dislocation) Sex: male (♂) Meat/temperature and storage time: leg/–23°C until analysis, storage time not specified |
At 100 mg kg−1 (♂); p<0.05 (▼) lipid oxidation-MDA (17.9%); p = 0.001 (●) pH value (6.2) (▲) water holding capacity (2.4%); p<0.05 (●) cooking loss (22.5%) (●) drip loss (21.4%) At 2 g kg−1 (♂); p<0.05 (▼) lipid oxidation-MDA (19.4%); p = 0.001 (●) pH value (6.2) (▲) water holding capacity (3.3%); p<0.05 (●) cooking loss (23.0%) (●) drip loss (22.0%) |
Mehdipour et al [27] |
| Laurel (Syzygium polyanthum) |
Age and weight: 32 d-old/101.94 g Dose and duration: 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% powdered leaves and 30 d of supplementation Husbandry conditions: 5 birds×cage (N.A.), 4 replicates per treatment; temperature (N.A.), moisture (N.A.) and illumination (N.A.); vaccine (N.A.) Slaughter: fasting time (N.A.) and method (N.A.) Sex: female (♀) Meat/temperature and storage time: breast+leg/(N.A.) °C (N.A.) |
At 1% to 4% N.A.; p<0.05 (●) fat content reduction (5.5%) |
Adriani et al [63] |
| Vegetables | |||
| Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) |
Age and weight: 21 d-old/N.A. Dose and duration: 0%, 5%, and 10% pulp and 42 d of supplementation Husbandry conditions: 6 birds×cage (N.A.), 5 replicates per treatment; temperature (N.A.), moisture (N.A.) and illumination (N.A.); vaccine (N.A.) Slaughter: fasting time (N.A.) and method (N.A.) Sex: not sexed (∅) Meat/temperature and storage time: raw and cooked breast/4°C, 9 d |
At 5%; raw and cooked breast (∅); p<0.05 (▼) lipid oxidation-MDA (>10%) |
Botsoglou et al [25] |
| Plants | |||
| Fever tea (Lippia javanica) |
Age and weight: 8 d-old/N.A. Dose and duration: 0 and 25 g of powder kg−1 and 32 d of supplementation Husbandry conditions: 7 birds×cage (N.A.), 5 replicates per treatment; temperature (N.A.), moisture (N.A.) and illumination (N.A.); vaccine (N.A.) Slaughter: fasting time (13 h) and method (cervical dislocation) Sex: male (♂) Meat/temperature and storage time: raw and cooked breast/4°C, 24 h postmortem |
At 25 g kg−1; raw breast (♂); p<0.05 (●) pH value (6.9) (●) L* value (46.3) (●) a* value (3.2) (▲) b* value (53.5) (●) C value (5.8) (●) h value (1.4) (▼) cooking loss (16.5%) |
Mnisi et al [54] |
| Canola (Brassica napus) |
Age and weight: 150 d-old/158.3 g Dose and duration: 0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, 12.5%, and 17.5% powder and 150 d of supplementation Husbandry conditions: 7 birds×cage (N.A.), 4 replicates per treatment; temperature (N.A.), moisture (N.A.) and illumination (N.A.); vaccine (N.A.) Slaughter: fasting time (13 h) and method (stunning with carbon dioxide and subsequent cervical dislocation) Sex: female (♀) Meat/temperature and storage time: breast/2°C, 24 h post mortem |
At 12.5% and 17.5% (♀); p<0.05 (▼) C* value (31.5%) At 0% and 17.5%; (♀) (●) temperature (18.4°C) (●) L* value (49.5) (●) a* value (2.3) (●) b* value (4.7) (●) h* value (1.1) |
Mnisi and Mlambo [55] |
| Seeds | |||
| Marijuana (Cannabis sativa L.) |
Age and weight: 7 d-old/N.A. Dose and duration: 0, 50, 100, and 200 g kg−1 and 42 d of supplementation Husbandry conditions: 12 birds×cage (50×90×20 cm), 4 replicates per treatment; temperature (N.A.), moisture (N.A.), and illumination (N.A.); vaccines (N.A.) Slaughter: fasting time (N.A.) and method (cervical dislocation) Sex: female (♀) and male (♂) Meat/temperature and storage time: breast and legs/4°C, 24 h post mortem |
At 50 to 200 g kg−1; breast (♀) (●) pH values (5.8) (●) weight loss by defrosting (3.8%) (●) L* value (67.3) (●) a* value (14.2) At 50 to 200 g kg−1; legs (♀) (●) pH value (6.8) At 200 g kg−1; breast (♀); p<0.01 (▼) cooking loss (67.3%) At 50 and 100 g kg−1; legs (♀); p<0.01 (▼) L* value (4.9%) (▲) a* value (5.2%) At 50 to 200 g kg−1; breast (♂) (●) pH value (5.9) (●) weight loss by defrosting (3.7%) (●) L* value (38.9) At 50 to 200 g kg−1; legs (♂) (●) pH value (6.8) At 200 g kg−1; breast (♀); p<0.01 (▼) cooking loss weight (48.6%) (▲) a* value (5.5%) At 200 g kg−1; legs (♂); p<0.01 (▲) L* value (1.9%) (▲) a* value (11.7%) |
Yalcin et al [64] |
| Insects | |||
| Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) |
Age and weight: 10 d-old/N.A. Dose and duration: 0%, 10%, and 15% larvae and 28 d of supplementation Husbandry conditions: 130 birds×cage (N.A.), 5 replicates per treatment; temperature (N.A.), moisture (N.A.), and illumination (N.A.); vaccine (N.A.) Slaughter: fasting time (6 h) and method (previous electrical stunning and posterior cervical dislocation) Sex: not sexed (∅) Meat/temperature and storage time: breast/–40°C, 2 wk |
At 0% to 15%; (∅) (●) moisture (75.4%) (●) protein (18.5%) (●) fat (4.6%) (●) ash (1.6%) (●) lipid oxidation-MDA (0.36 mg MDA kg−1) |
Cullere et al [21] |
| Mushroom | |||
| Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) |
Age and weight: 1 d-old/14.54 g Dose and duration: 0, 10, and 10 g of powder kg−1 and 35 d of supplementation Husbandry conditions: 12 birds×cage (90×90×60 cm), 8 replicates per treatment; temperature (21°C to 36°C), moisture (23.4% to 53.8%), and illumination (24 h); vaccine (without) Slaughter: fasting time (3 h) and method (cervical dislocation) Sex: male (♂) Meat/temperature and storage time: breast/4°C, 15 days |
At 0 to 20 g kg−1; carcass (♂); p<0.05 (●) carcass weight (133.0 g) (●) carcass yield (61.3%) At 10 and 20 g kg−1; breast (♂) (●) moisture (72.7%) (●) protein (22.2%) (●) ash (1.4%) (▼) fat (23.9%); p<0.001 (▼) L* value (8.4%); p = 0.011 (▲) a* value (26.9%); p<0.001 (▼) b* value (12.2%); p<0.001 (▲) water holding capacity (7.2%); p = 0.017 (▼) cooking loss weight (26.8%); p = 0.017 (▼) hardness (30%); p = 0.037 (▼) lipid oxidation-MDA (33.5%); p<0.001 |
Vargas-Sánchez et al [37] |
N.A., not available; (▲), significant increase with respect to the control group (▼), significant reduction with respect to the control group; (●), without significant differences with respect to the control group; MDA, malondialdehyde.