Figure 2.

The use of graphene-based nanoparticles to regulate the proliferation and differentiation of NSCs. (a) Immunofluorescence staining of N-cadherin/fibronectin (FN) and E-cadherin in hfNSC neurospheres cultured for 5 days (scale bars = 100 μm). (b) Immunofluorescence staining of differentiated markers (Tuj-1, MAP-2, and GFAP) in hfNSC neurospheres treated for 1 day and for 5 days (scale bars = 200 μm). (c) Graphene-based nanoparticles used for the detection of NSC differentiation: (i) schematic illustration of the detection strategy for NSC differentiation, (ii) differentiation of neural stem cells on the detected substrate, and (iii) the difference in Raman intensities of differentiated and undifferentiated NSCs on different substrates. (d) Graphene quantum dots showed good biocompatibility with the (i) self-renewal and (ii) differentiation of NSCs.