Table 2.

Univariable and Multivariable Association of Biomarkers With Race

	Women				Men				P Value for Interaction Race×Sexa
	Black	White	Unadjusted Beta	Fully Adjusted Beta	Black	White	Unadjusted Beta	Fully Adjusted Beta
Lipid biomarkers
TC, mg/dL	174	180	−0.17b	−0.07	174	181	−0.23c	−0.19d	0.56
LDL‐C, mg/dL	102	104	−0.03	−0.03	101	111	−0.26c	−0.14	0.38
LDL‐p, mg/dL			−0.11d	−0.19d			−0.39c	−0.34c	0.007
HDL‐C, mg/dL	51	52	−0.02	0.15	47	41	0.58c	0.51c	<0.0001
HDL‐p, mg/dL	33	35	−0.37c	−0.29c	32	32	0.10	0.16	0.001
TG, mg/dL	78	100	−0.42c	−0.55c	91	121	−0.47c	−0.53c	<0.0001
Lp(a), nmol/L	83	28	0.82c	0.85c	71	24	0.74c	0.63c	0.001
Cholesterol efflux, normalized ratio	1.0	1.0	−0.23c	−0.12	1.0	1.0	0.06	0.10	<0.0001
Adipokines
Leptin, μg/L	28	19	044c	0.37c	5.6	5.7	−0.11	0.21c	<0.0001
Adiponectin, ng/mL	6	10	−075c	−0.57c	5.0	6.6	−0.48c	−0.63c	<0.0001
Inflammatory biomarkers
hs‐CRP, mg/L	4.4	2.9	0.24c	0.002	2.2	1.7	0.28c	0.20d	<0.0001
OPG, pg/mL	1343	1219	0.22c	0.20d	1158	1074	0.11	−0.06	<0.0001
sRAGE, ng/mL	1.1	1.6	−0.66c	−0.48c	1.0	1.6	−0.60c	−0.62c	0.93
LP‐PLA2 activity, nmol/min per mL	125	143	−0.53c	−0.52c	144	178	−0.81c	−0.84c	<0.0001
LP‐PLA2 mass, μg/L	167	196	−0.55c	−0.51c	186	219	−0.54c	−0.65c	<0.0001
IL‐18, pg/mL	482	513	−0.18b	−0.26d	513	644	−0.31c	−0.40b	0.02
MCP‐1, pg/mL	159	175	−0.20c	−0.35c	161	182	−0.28c	−0.39c	0.86
sTNFR, ng/mL	0.6	0.6	−0.11	−0.05	0.6	0.6	−0.05	0.11	0.35
ANA	15	12	0.26c	0.33c	13	11	0.24c	0.22d	<0.0001
d‐dimer, μg/mL	0.3	0.2	0.42c	0.24b	0.2	0.1	0.42c	0.32c	<0.0001
Endothelial biomarkers
SDMA, μmol/L	0.39	0.41	−0.15b	0.07	0.42	0.43	0.10	0.28b	<0.0001
ADMA, μmol/L	0.47	0.49	−0.15b	−0.15	0.47	0.50	−0.20c	−0.39c	0.56
Homoarginine, μmol/L	2.9	2.3	0.57c	0.48c	3.0	2.6	0.32c	0.38c	0.10
sESAM, ng/mL	33	34	−0.15b	−0.15	33	35	−0.21c	−0.26b	0.15
sICAM, ng/mL	607	590	0.02	−0.03	606	604	0.09	−0.12	0.84
sVCAM, ng/mL	974	975	−0.04	−0.11	986	1015	−0.02	−0.17	0.34
Biomarkers of myocyte injury/stress
hsTnT, ng/L	1.5	1.5	0.14d	0.12	3.0	1.5	0.40c	0.34c	<0.001
NT‐proBNP, pg/mL	31	47	−0.39c	−0.45c	15	20	−0.11	−0.41c	<0.0001
GDF‐15, ng/L	0.7	0.7	−0.07	−0.09	0.7	0.7	0.24c	0.13	<0.0001
ST2, μg/L	0.4	0.4	0.37c	0.21d	0.4	0.4	0.54c	0.59c	<0.001
Biomarkers of kidney function
Cystatin C, mg/L	0.8	0.8	−0.21c	−0.07	0.9	0.9	−0.14d	0.00	<0.0001
Microalbuminuria	0.4	0.3	0.39c	0.16d	0.5	0.3	0.43c	0.16	0.006

Values are medians for continuous variables and percentages for categorical variables. Variables adjusted for: Age, diabetes mellitus, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, blood pressure medication use, smoking, statin use, Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance Index, estimated glomerular filtration rate, lean mass, fat mass, body surface area, visceral fat, subcutaneous fat, lower body fat, left ventricular mass, left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular end‐diastolic volume, left atrial size, education, income, and healthcare insurance. ADMA indicates asymmetric dimethyl arginine; ANA, antinuclear antibody; GDF, growth differentiating factor; HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein concentration; HDL‐p, HDL particle number; hs‐CRP, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein; hscTnT, high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin T; IL, interleukin; LDL‐p, low‐density lipoprotein particle number; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration; Lp(a), lipoprotein (a); LP‐PLA2, lipoprotein‐associated phospholipase A2; MCP, monocyte chemoattractant protein; NT‐proBNP, N terminal B‐type natriuretic peptide; OPG, osteoprotegerin; SDMA, symmetric dimethyl arginine; sESAM, soluble endothelial cell adhesion molecule; sICAM, intercellular adhesion molecule; sRAGE, soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products; ST2, suppression of tumorigenicity (ST)‐2; sTNFR, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor; sVCAM, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride.

^a P value for interaction is from the entire cohort (both men and women) and is unadjusted.

^b P<0.01.

^c P<0.001.

^d P<0.05.