Table 1.
Characteristics of the Study Sample by Glucose Status at Baseline
| Variable | Normoglycemic (n=9432) | Pre–Diabetes Mellitus (n=4128) | Diabetes Mellitus (n=1316) | P Value for Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | ||||
| Female sex, n (%) | 4786 (50.7) | 2065 (50.0) | 503 (38.2) | <0.0001 |
| Age, y | 52.0±10.8 | 59.3±9.7 | 63.0±8.3 | <0.0001 |
| Socioeconomic statusa | 13.48±4.42 | 12.16±4.39 | 10.95±4.28 | <0.0001 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors | ||||
| Arterial hypertension, n (%) | 3888 (41.2) | 2451 (59.4) | 1056 (80.2) | <0.0001 |
| Pack‐years of smokingb | 0.02 (0/2.43) | 0.26 (0/4.75) | 0.57 (0/4.87) | <0.0001 |
| Waist/height ratioc | 0.54±0.07 | 0.57±0.08 | 0.63±0.08 | <0.0001 |
| Non–high‐density lipoprotein/high‐density lipoprotein ratiod | 2.97±1.17 | 3.27±1.20 | 3.37±1.20 | <0.0001 |
| Physical activitye | 7.74±3.88 | 6.94±4.02 | 5.94±4.22 | <0.0001 |
| Family history of myocardial infarction or stroke, n (%) | 1949 (20.7) | 975 (23.6) | 362 (27.5) | <0.0001 |
| Inflammation | ||||
| C‐reactive protein, mg/L | 1.30 (0.50/2.70) | 2.00 (1.00/3.80) | 2.40 (1.30/5.10) | <0.0001 |
| Cardiovascular comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Congestive heart failure | 620 (6.6) | 352 (8.5) | 166 (12.6) | <0.0001 |
| Coronary artery disease | 210 (2.2) | 247 (6.1) | 177 (14.1) | <0.0001 |
| Myocardial infarction | 140 (1.5) | 173 (4.2) | 125 (9.6) | <0.0001 |
| Stroke | 113 (1.2) | 96 (2.3) | 64 (4.9) | <0.0001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 181 (1.9) | 148 (3.6) | 76 (5.8) | <0.0001 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 204 (2.2) | 184 (4.5) | 107 (8.3) | <0.0001 |
| Any cardiovascular disease | 1190 (12.7) | 842 (20.6) | 445 (34.6) | <0.0001 |
| Measurements of endothelial function | ||||
| Flow‐mediated dilation, % | 8.60±5.41 | 7.61±4.85 | 6.45±4.62 | 0.10 |
| Baseline brachial artery diameter, mm | 4.23±0.86 | 4.42±0.81 | 4.70±0.81 | <0.0001 |
| Reactive hyperemia indexf | 0.69±0.41 | 0.62±0.41 | 0.45±0.40 | <0.0001 |
| Baseline pulse amplitude, mm | 0.38 (0.19/0.74) | 0.52 (0.26/0.92) | 0.69 (0.43/1.03) | <0.0001 |
| Humoral biomarkers of glucose metabolism | ||||
| HbA1c, % | 5.30 (5.10/5.50) | 5.90 (5.70/6.00) | 6.70 (6.30/7.20) | <0.0001 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 34.43 (32.24/36.61) | 40.98 (38.80/42.08) | 49.73 (45.36/55.19) | <0.0001 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 90.0 (84.0/95.0) | 96.0 (90.0/102.0) | 117.2 (103.0/139.0) | <0.0001 |
| Fasting glucose, mmol/L | 5.00 (4.66/5.27) | 5.33 (5.00/5.66) | 6.51 (5.72/7.71) | <0.0001 |
| Medication, n (%)g | ||||
| Antidiabetic medication (A10) | … | … | 856 (65.2) | … |
| Antithrombotic agents (B01) | 689 (7.4) | 678 (16.5) | 450 (34.3) | <0.0001 |
| Antihypertensives (C02) | 57 (0.6) | 41 (1.0) | 56 (4.3) | <0.0001 |
| Diuretics (C03) | 261 (2.8) | 257 (6.3) | 263 (20.0) | <0.0001 |
| β Blockers (C07) | 1085 (11.7) | 902 (22.0) | 519 (39.5) | <0.0001 |
| Calcium channel blocker (C08) | 432 (4.6) | 356 (8.7) | 290 (22.1) | <0.0001 |
| Agents acting on the renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system (C09) | 1464 (15.7) | 1247 (30.4) | 781 (59.5) | <0.0001 |
| Lipid‐modifying agents (C10) | 704 (7.6) | 744 (18.2) | 508 (38.7) | <0.0001 |
Individuals were grouped according to medical history and HbA1c levels as normoglycemic (<5.7% [<39 mmol/mol]), as having increased risk for diabetes mellitus or pre–diabetes mellitus (5.7%–6.4% [39–46 mmol/mol]), and as having diabetes mellitus (≥6.5% [≥48 mmol/mol]). Plus‐minus values are means ± SDs, and 2 values in parentheses are medians with 25th and 75th percentiles. The number (percentage) denotes absolute and relative frequency. P values were derived by Jonckheere‐Terpstra trend test. HbA1c indicates hemoglobin A1c.
Socioeconomic status score ranges from 3 to 21, with higher values indicating higher status.
Pack‐years was calculated as number of cigarettes smoked per day, divided by 20 and multiplied by duration of smoking in years.
Waist/height ratio is the waist circumference divided by the body height in centimeters.
Non–high‐density lipoprotein/high‐density lipoprotein ratio was calculated by subtracting high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol from total cholesterol, divided by high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol.
Physical activity score was calculated by multiplying total minutes of activity by the intensity score, displayed per 1000 units.
Reactive hyperemia index is the logarithmic ratio of digital pulse amplitude at baseline and after cuff release, normalized to the control finger.
Medication is labeled with the anatomical therapeutic chemical code.