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. 2019 Oct 4;8(20):e012509. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.012509

Table 2.

Baseline Characteristics of Individuals Without and With Incident (Pre‐) Diabetes Mellitus at Follow‐Up

Characteristic Incident Pre–Diabetes Mellitus Incident Diabetes Mellitus
No (n=6316) Yes (n=1610) P Value No (n=10 990) Yes (n=386) P Value
Female sex, n (%) 3134 (49.6) 834 (51.8) 0.12 5506 (50.1) 156 (40.4) 0.00019
Age, y 50.7±10.5 55.5±10.0 <0.0001 53.7±10.8 58.4±9.2 <0.0001
Socioeconomic statusa 13.95±4.32 13.02±4.38 <0.0001 13.42±4.39 11.83±4.23 <0.0001
Cardiovascular risk factors
Arterial hypertension, n (%) 2366 (37.5) 784 (48.7) <0.0001 4878 (44.4) 286 (74.1) <0.0001
Pack‐years of smokingb 0 (0/1.89) 0.13 (0/3.14) <0.0001 0 (0/2.50) 1.09 (0/6.80) <0.0001
Waist/height ratioc 0.53±0.07 0.55±0.07 <0.0001 0.54±0.07 0.62±0.08 <0.0001
Non–high‐density lipoprotein/high‐density lipoprotein ratiod 2.90±1.13 3.13±1.16 <0.0001 3.02±1.15 3.72±1.24 <0.0001
Physical activityd 7.92±3.76 7.62±3.87 0.011 7.32 (5.30/9.42) 6.31 (4.00/8.43) <0.0001
Family history of myocardial infarction or stroke, n (%) 1270 (20.1) 362 (22.5) 0.038 2341 (21.3) 91 (23.6) 0.28
Inflammation
C‐reactive protein, mg/L 1.20 (0.50/2.40) 1.60 (0.57/3.20) <0.0001 1.40 (0.50/2.80) 2.30 (1.20/4.91) <0.0001
Cardiovascular comorbidities, n (%)
Congestive heart failure 390 (6.2) 101 (6.3) 0.86 731 (6.7) 30 (7.8) 0.41
Coronary artery disease 107 (1.7) 47 (2.9) 0.0023 318 (2.9) 27 (7.1) <0.0001
Myocardial infarction 63 (1.0) 33 (2.1) 0.0012 201 (1.8) 18 (4.7) 0.00046
Stroke 63 (1.0) 20 (1.2) 0.41 140 (1.3) 13 (3.4) 0.0020
Atrial fibrillation 96 (1.5) 35 (2.2) 0.079 228 (2.1) 11 (2.9) 0.28
Peripheral artery disease 105 (1.7) 48 (3.0) 0.0011 272 (2.5) 22 (5.7) 0.00051
Any cardiovascular disease 702 (11.2) 228 (14.2) 0.00083 1498 (13.7) 83 (21.8) <0.0001
Measurements of endothelial function
Flow‐mediated dilation, % 8.76±5.46 7.90±4.88 <0.0001 8.34±5.25 6.93±4.62 <0.0001
Baseline brachial artery diameter, mm 4.20±0.86 4.34±0.85 <0.0001 4.28±0.85 4.59±0.79 <0.0001
Reactive hyperemia indexe 0.70±0.41 0.63±0.41 <0.0001 0.68±0.41 0.49±0.36 <0.0001
Baseline pulse amplitude, mm 0.37 (0.18/0.71) 0.46 (0.24/0.85) <0.0001 0.41 (0.20/0.78) 0.67 (0.37/1.07) <0.0001
Humoral biomarkers of glucose metabolism
HbA1c, % 5.20 (5.00/5.40) 5.50 (5.30/5.60) <0.0001 5.41±0.42 5.96±0.37 <0.0001
HbA1c, mmol/mol 33.33 (31.15/35.52) 36.61 (34.43/37.71) <0.0001 35.58±4.58 41.62±4.08 <0.0001
Fasting glucose, mg/dL 89.5±8.0 92.4±8.7 <0.0001 91.6±9.0 103.4±12.7 <0.0001
Fasting glucose, mmol/L 4.97±0.45 5.13±0.48 <0.0001 5.08 (0.50) 5.74±0.70 <0.0001
Medication, n (%)f
Antidiabetic medication (A10)
Antithrombotic agents (B01) 358 (5.8) 164 (10.3) <0.0001 958 (8.8) 65 (16.9) <0.0001
Antihypertensives (C02) 31 (0.5) 14 (0.9) 0.093 67 (0.6) 7 (1.8) 0.013
Diuretics (C03) 126 (2.0) 60 (3.8) 0.00014 330 (3.0) 32 (8.3) <0.0001
β Blockers (C07) 607 (9.8) 244 (15.3) <0.0001 1465 (13.5) 101 (26.3) <0.0001
Calcium channel blocker (C08) 220 (3.5) 103 (6.5) <0.0001 557 (5.1) 43 (11.2) <0.0001
Agents acting on the renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system (C09) 810 (13.0) 345 (21.6) <0.0001 2009 (18.5) 150 (39.1) <0.0001
Lipid‐modifying agents (C10) 357 (5.7) 202 (12.7) <0.0001 1087 (10.0) 82 (21.4) <0.0001

Baseline characteristics of individuals who developed incident (pre–)diabetes mellitus at follow‐up and those who remained free of (pre–)diabetes mellitus. Individuals were grouped according to medical history and HbA1c levels as normoglycemic (<5.7% [<39 mmol/mol]), as having increased risk for diabetes mellitus or pre–diabetes mellitus (5.7%–6.4% [39–46 mmol/mol]), and as having diabetes mellitus (≥6.5% [≥48 mmol/mol]). Plus‐minus values are means ± SDs, and 2 values in parentheses are medians with 25th and 75th percentiles. Number (percentage) denotes absolute and relative frequency. P values were derived by Fisher exact or χ2 tests for categorial variables; and for continuous variables, Mann‐Whitney U or Student t tests were used. HbA1c indicates hemoglobin A1c.

a

Socioeconomic status score ranges from 3 to 21, with higher values indicating higher status.

b

Pack‐years was calculated as number of cigarettes smoked per day, divided by 20 and multiplied by duration of smoking in years.

c

Waist/height ratio is the waist circumference divided by the body height in centimeters.

d

Non–high‐density lipoprotein/high‐density lipoprotein ratio was calculated by subtracting high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol from total cholesterol, divided by high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Physical activity score was calculated by multiplying total minutes of activity by the intensity score, displayed per 1000 units.

e

Reactive hyperemia index is the logarithmic ratio of digital pulse amplitude at baseline and after cuff release, normalized to the control finger.

f

Medication is labeled with the anatomical therapeutic chemical code.