Table 5: Logistic regression analysis for the association between precariousness employment indicators and sickness absence for males and females by country. Values are OR (95% CI).
Precariousness employment indicators	Denmark		Finland		Sweden		Norway
	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male
Non-permanent contract	0.78 (0.37 to 1.61)	0.89 (0.46 to 1.73)	0.52 (0.32 to 0.87)	1.47 (0.72 to 2.99)	0.41 (0.18 to 0.94)	0.59 (0.27 to 1.29)	0.64 (0.35 to 1.19)	0.60 (0.29 to 1.26)
Low household income meets needs with difficulty	2.09 (1.02 to 4.29)	1.60 (0.78 to 3.26)	1.66 (1.04 to 2.66)	2.13 (1.06 to 4.25)	2.80 (1.38 to 5.67)	2.09 (0.92 to 4.76)	1.58 (0.87 to 2.85)	3.02 (1.44 to 6.35)
Benefits in nature not received	0.85 (0.52 to 1.41)	1.04 (0.60 to 1.82)	1.06 (0.68 to 1.64)	1.15 (0.63 to 2.09)	0.90 (0.51 to 1.60)	1.26 (0.64 to 2.48)	0.98 (0.50 to 1.94)	0.93 (0.50 to 1.71)
Not well informed on health and safety	1.36 (0.61 to 3.04)	1.36 (0.64 to 2.91)	0.86 (0.47 to 1.58)	1.38 (0.63 to 3.01)	1.58 (0.71 to 3.51)	1.29 (0.56 to 2.96)	1.26 (0.65 to 2.46)	1.17 (0.46 to 2.93)
Uncompensated flexible working times	0.48 (0.12 to 1.84)	1.36 (0.56 to 3.29)	1.07 (0.36 to 3.20)	0.46 (0.22 to 0.97)	0.51 (0.24 to 1.07)	0.54 (0.26 to 1.14)	0.40 (0.14 to 1.15)	0.34 (0.16 to 0.74)
Disempowered/No self-determination over schedule	0.66 (0.36 to 1.21)	1.61 (0.86 to 3.02)	1.12 (0.70 to 1.79)	1.35 (0.70 to 2.61)	2.05 (1.06 to 3.97)	0.69 (0.27 to 1.76)	1.17 (0.69 to 1.97)	0.49 (0.22 to 1.10)
No communication and participation with superiors	1.08 (0.53 to 2.19)	0.64 (0.32 to 1.31)	0.84 (0.53 to 1.32)	1.07 (0.59 to 1.92)	1.05 (0.62 to 1.77)	1.34 (0.67 to 2.70)	0.66 (0.41 to 1.05)	0.54 (0.30 to 0.96)
Lack of training	1.15 (0.66 to 1.98)	1.01 (0.56 to 1.83)	0.84 (0.55 to 1.27)	0.68 (0.39 to 1.18)	1.11 (0.65 to 1.90)	1.10 (0.58 to 2.09)	0.99 (0.65 to 1.52)	2.09 (1.14 to 3.83)
Schedule unpredictability	0.61 (0.32 to 1.17)	1.11 (0.56 to 2.22)	0.98 (0.61 to 1.58)	0.70 (0.37 to 1.34)	2.76 (1.28 to 5.97)	0.43 (0.16 to 1.16)	1.32 (0.80 to 2.21)	0.45 (0.21 to 0.99)
Involuntary part-time employment	2.45 (1.46 to 4.12)	0.65 (0.36 to 1.17)	1.20 (0.81 to 1.79)	0.96 (0.53 to 1.72)	1.34 (0.81 to 2.21)	1.64 (0.91 to 2.96)	1.46 (0.98 to 2.18)	1.45 (0.83 to 2.53)
Intensive working times	2.13 (0.67 to 6.78)	0.45 (0.18 to 1.11)	1.34 (0.56 to 3.17)	0.60 (0.23 to 1.57)	0.69 (0.22 to 2.20)	0.58 (0.22 to 1.53)	0.86 (0.29 to 2.51)	0.74 (0.32 to 1.70)
Age of respondent
15–29	0.22 (0.08 to 0.58)	0.72 (0.32 to 1.63)	0.58 (0.32 to 1.04)	0.48 (0.23 to 1.01)	1.22 (0.47 to 3.18)	1.65 (0.58 to 4.65)	0.70 (0.33 to 1.47)	0.87 (0.37 to 2.05)
30–49	0.66 (0.40 to 1.09)	1.08 (0.61 to 1.90)	0.73 (0.47 to 1.15)	1.04 (0.59 to 1.83)	0.61 (0.36 to 1.05)	1.27 (0.68 to 2.40)	0.99 (0.64 to 1.54)	0.88 (0.50 to 1.55)
50–65	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
Ethnicity
Foreign-born	1.41 (0.65 to 1.98)	1.43 (0.68 to 3.02)	0.54 (0.20 to 1.44)	1.23 (0.41 to 3.69)	1.06 (0.55 to 2.34)	0.90 (0.43 to 1.911)	1.01 (0.56 to 1.82)	1.91 (1.00 to 3.64)
Native	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
Education of respondent (ISCED)
No, primary, secondary education	0.86 (0.44 to 1.69)	1.13 (0.55 to 2.34)	0.81 (0.49 to 1.33)	1.58 (0.73 to 3.42)	0.52 (0.04 to 7.33)	†	1.44 (0.84 to 2.49)	0.80 (0.40 to 1.60)
Post-secondary education	0.95 (0.44 to 2.04)	1.14 (0.40 to 3.27)	1.78 (0.67 to 4.75)	1.01 (0.28 to 3.57)	0.79 (0.42 to 1.48)	1.11 (0.51 to 2.42)	1.15 (0.47 to 2.78)	0.93 (0.42 to 2.05)
Tertiary education	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
Occupational class (ISCO)
Legislators, senior officials, managers, professionals	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
Technicians, associate professionals, clerks	1.09 (0.58 to 2.06)	0.98 (0.43 to 2.22)	1.56 (0.83 to 2.93)	0.70 (0.30 to 1.65)	1.17 (0.60 to 2.26)	1.44 (0.61 to 3.38)	0.71 (0.41 to 1.23)	2.97 (1.46 to 6.02)
Service workers*	0.96 (0.48 to 1.94)	1.20 (0.55 to 2.63)	2.79 (1.46 to 5.32)	1.32 (0.57 to 3.08)	1.48 (1.08 to 5.68)	1.41 (0.57 to 3.50)	0.83 (0.45 to 1.55)	2.43 (1.14 to 5.20)
Labour market sector
Agriculture, forestry, fishing	46.16 (4.19 to 508.14)	2.57 (0.57 to 11.60)	0.23 (0.03 to 2.09)	2.07 (0.41 to 10.52)	†	0.43 (0.04 to 4.63)	†	1.86 (0.39 to 8.88)
Industry	2.11 (0.70 to 6.35)	1.23 (0.47 to 3.23)	0.94 (0.42 to 2.12)	1.91 (0.70 to 5.18)	1.06 (0.33 to 3.42)	0.58 (0.19 to 1.77)	1.89 (0.81 to 4.38)	0.93 (0.36 to 2.43)
Services	2.12 (0.89 to 5.02)	1.20 (0.50 to 2.85)	0.91 (0.54 to 1.52)	1.31 (0.53 to 3.22)	1.36 (0.64 to 2.89)	0.72 (0.26 to 1.99)	1.18 (0.67 to 2.07)	0.92 (0.40 to 2.12)
Public administration and defence	0.95 (0.38 to 2.36)	0.72 (0.20 to 2.55)	4.17 (0.98 to 17.76)	2.04 (0.58 to 7.18)	1.33 (0.61 to 2.90)	0.34 (0.07 to 1.80)	0.81 (0.36 to 1.83)	1.08 (0.35 to 3.26)
Other services	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
Sickness presenteeism
No	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
Yes	2.91 (1.73 to 4.89)	2.03 (1.19 to 3.47)	2.51 (1.68 to 3.75)	2.32 (1.36 to 3.96)	1.34 (0.81 to 2.21)	1.21 (0.67 to 2.19)	1.55 (1.04 to 2.32)	1.22 (0.74 to 2.01)
Company sector
Private	0.15 (0.06 to 0.35)	0.62 (0.28 to 1.40)	0.81 (0.49 to 1.35)	0.58 (0.28 to 1.17)	0.52 (0.24 to 1.12)	1.66 (0.69 to 4.01)	0.46 (0.27 to 0.80)	0.80 (0.38 to 1.70)
Public	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
Other sector	0.20 (0.04 to 0.95)	0.76 (0.19 to 3.05)	0.68 (0.24 to 1.93)	1.67 (0.51 to 5.41)	0.85 (0.30 to 2.43)	†	1.40 (0.49 to 3.99)	0.76 (0.25 to 2.36)
*Service workersshop and market sales workers/Skilled agricultural and fishery workers/Craft and related trades workers/Plant and machine operators and assemblers/Elementary occupations †Omitted due to small number of subjects