Table 2.
Stratified analysis on causal estimates of dairy consumption (serving/day) with cardiometabolic traits.a
| Outcomes | Age, years | Follow-up, years | Region or country | Study design | CC genotype frequency | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≥50 | <50 | ≥5 | <5 | Europe | non-Europe | Cross-sectional | Cohort | ≤10% | >10% | |
| Body composition | ||||||||||
| Body fat percentage, % | 0.75 (−0.54, 2.04) | 0.58 (−2.10,3.26) | 1.60 (−2.19, 5.39) | 0.55 (−0.41, 1.50) | 1.27 (−1.43, 3.97) | 0.73 (−0.54, 1.99) | 0.81 (−0.70, 2.32) | 0.95 (−1.50,3.39) | 0.77 (−0.76, 2.30) | 1.00 (−0.89, 2.90) |
| Waist circumference, cm | 1.50 (−0.16, 3.16) | 1.21 (−2.05, 4.46) | 1.26 (−1.65, 4.17) | 1.53 (0.13,2.93) | 2.23 (−0.45, 4.91) | 0.90 (−0.55, 2.34) | 1.45 (−0.35, 3.26) | 1.37(0.25,2.49) | 1.62 (−0.11, 3.35) | 1.07 (−0.05, 2.19) |
| Waist to hip ratio | 0.00 (−0.01, 0.01) | 0.02 (−0.03, 0.08) | 0.00 (−0.04, 0.04) | 0.00 (−0.01, 0.01) | 0.01 (−0.01,0.03) | 0.00 (−0.01, 0.01) | 0.01 (−0.01, 0.03) | 0.00 (−0.01,0.01) | 0.01 (−0.01, 0.03) | 0.00 (−0.01, 0.00) |
| Lean mass, kg | 0.66 (−2.10, 3.42) | 0.01 (−1.40, 1.41) | −0.81 (−3.28, 1.65) | 1.33 (−1.27, 3.93) | 4.33 (0.32, 8.34) | −0.18 (−1.33, 0.97) | 0.78 (−3.24, 4.81) | 0.10 (−1.30, 1.50) | 0.74 (−3.06, 4.54) | 0.10 (−1.27, 1.46) |
| Fat mass, kg | 0.40 (−2.89, 3.68) | 0.88 (−1.86,3.63) | −0.12 (−8.38, 8.13) | 0.85 (−0.89, 2.59) | 3.20 (−1.15, 7.54) | 0.54 (−1.37, 2.45) | 0.95 (−1.98, 3.88) | 0.85 (−2.52, 4.21) | 1.04 (−1.89, 3.96) | 0.67 (−2.08, 3.41) |
| Lipids | ||||||||||
| FIDL, mmol/L | −0.02 (−0.07, 0.02) | −0.04 (−0.16, 0.07) | 0.01 (−0.07, 0.10) | −0.05 (−0.10, −0.01) | 0.01 (−0.09, 0.10) | −0.05 (−0.10, 0.00) | 0.01 (−0.05, 0.06) | −0.05 (−0.11,0.00) | 0.00 (−0.05, 0.05) | −0.05 (−0.09, 0.00) |
| LDL, mmol/L | −0.16 (−0.31, −0.02) | 0.03 (−0.15, 0.21) | −0.06 (−0.23, 0.10) | −0.17 (−0.32, −0.03) | −0.18 (−0.39, 0.03) | −0.08 (−0.21, 0.06) | −0.13 (−0.28, 0.02) | −0.14 (−0.31, 0.04) | −0.12 (−0.26, 0.02) | −0.13 (−0.30, 0.04) |
| TC, mmol/L | −0.18 (−0.32, −0.03) | 0.08 (−0.14, 0.30) | 0.01 (−0.17, 0.20) | −0.18 (−0.34, −0.02) | −0.11 (−0.30, 0.09) | −0.12 (−0.29, 0.04) | −0.09 (−0.23, 0.06) | −0.23 (−0.47, 0.00) | −0.08 (−0.22, 0.06) | −0.22 (−0.44, 0.00) |
| Log TG, mmol/L | 0.03 (−0.02, 0.08) | 0.05 (−0.09, 0.18) | 0.01 (−0.09, 0.11) | 0.03 (−0.01, 0.08) | 0.06 (−0.02, 0.15) | 0.00 (−0.05, 0.05) | 0.05 (−0.03, 0.13) | 0.02 (−0.03, 0.06) | 0.06 (−0.01, 0.12) | 0.00 (−0.05, 0.05) |
| Non-HDL, mmol/L | −0.04 (−0.15, 0.08) | 0.09 (−0.18, 0.36) | 0.08 (−0.12, 0.29) | −0.06 (−0.17, 0.06) | −0.05 (−0.25, 0.15) | −0.01 (−0.11, 0.10) | −0.02 (−0.18, 0.15) | −0.02 (−0.14, 0.09) | −0.01 (−0.17, 0.15) | −0.02 (−0.13, 0.09) |
| apoB, mmol/L | −0.01 (−0.61, 0.60) | 0.13 (−0.26, 0.52) | 0.02 (−0.17, 0.21) | 0.09 (−1.20, 1.39) | 0.30 (−5.88, 6.49) | 0.06 (−0.21, 0.33) | 0.05 (−0.14, 0.25) | −1.80 (−7.18,3.57) | 0.05 (−0.14, 0.24) | −5.37 (−12.82, 2.09) |
| Glycemic traits | ||||||||||
| Fasting glucose, mmol/L | −0.12 (−0.41, 0.17) | 0.02 (−0.14, 0.18) | −0.37 (−1.10, 0.37) | 0.01 (−0.18, 0.20) | 0.01 (−0.42, 0.43) | −0.08 (−0.29, 0.12) | −0.12 (−0.40, 0.15) | −0.02 (−0.40, 0.37) | −0.09 (−0.33, 0.16) | −0.09 (−0.47, 0.30) |
| HbA1c, % | −0.01 (−0.09, 0.08) | 0.16 (−0.27, 0.59) | −0.12 (−0.41, 0.17) | 0.02 (−0.08, 0.12) | −0.07 (−0.19, 0.06) | 0.09 (−0.03, 0.21) | −0.10 (−0.33, 0.14) | 0.02 (−0.06, 0.10) | −0.05 (−0.16, 0.06) | 0.07 (−0.03, 0.18) |
| Log fasting insulin, mIU/L | −0.10 (−0.27, 0.08) | 0.08 (−0.16, 0.31) | −0.20 (−0.51, 0.11) | 0.01 (−0.15, 0.17) | −0.04 (−0.24, 0.16) | −0.05 (−0.28, 0.19) | −0.05 (−0.21, 0.11) | NA | −0.06 (−0.22, 0.10) | 0.07 (−0.43, 0.57) |
| Log HOMA-IRb | −0.07 (−0.30, 0.16) | 0.02 (−0.16, 0.20) | −0.03 (−0.21, 0.15) | NA | 0.01 (−0.26, 0.28) | −0.07 (−0.30, 0.16) | −0.04 (−0.23, 0.16) | NA | −0.03 (−0.22, 0.16) | −0.05 (−0.66, 0.55) |
| Log HOMA-β | −0.05 (−0.44, 0.34) | 0.07 (−0.18, 0.33) | 0.01 (−0.22, 0.25) | NA | 0.06 (−0.18, 0.31) | −0.05 (−0.44, 0.35) | 0.02 (−0.25, 0.28) | NA | −0.03 (−0.30, 0.24) | 0.26 (−0.23, 0.75) |
| Inflammatory factors | ||||||||||
| Log hsCRP, mg/L | 0.03 (−0.08, 0.13) | −0.02 (−0.36, 0.32) | −0.08 (−0.31, 0.14) | 0.08 (−0.08, 0.25) | 0.13 (−0.08, 0.35) | −0.03 (−0.12, 0.07) | −0.06 (−0.30, 0.17) | 0.08 (−0.09, 0.24) | 0.06 (−0.15, 0.27) | −0.02 (−0.11,0.08) |
| Log regularCRP, mg/L | 0.03 (−0.24, 0.30) | 1.45 (−1.66, 4.56) | 0.11 (−0.63, 0.84) | 0.74 (−0.53, 2.00) | 0.57 (−0.41, 1.55) | NA | 0.93 (−0.68, 2.54) | 0.01 (−0.23, 0.25) | 0.88 (−0.64, 2.39) | 0.01 (−0.22, 0.24) |
>β coefficients (95% CI) represent the changes in cardiometabolic traits per 1 serving/day increase in genetically predicted dairy intake; linear regression was used to test the association of MCM6 variant rs4988235 with dairy intake or cardiometabolic traits after adjustment of age, sex, ethnicity, region, total energy, and principal component for population stratification, as appropriate; We pooled β coefficients across studies using random-effect (I2≥25%) or fixed-effect (I2<25%) meta-analyses based on the heterogeneity between studies. We used the IV estimators to quantify the strength of the causal association of dairy intake and cardiometabolic traits in each study. The IV estimator, which is identical to that derived by the widely used 2-stage least-squares method, was calculated as the β of the regression coefficients MCM6 rs4988235-outcomes and MCM6 rs4988235-dairy.
HOMA: homeostatic model assessment, IR: insulin resistance, NA: not applicable.