Table 1.
Maternal characteristics
| Maternal Characteristics: For further information about the study population: https://doi.org/10.3402/ijch.v74.29469; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26011616; https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1403494817714188 | |
|---|---|
| Parity: | Mean 0.90, SD: 0.805, Median: 1.0, min-max: 0-2 Parity = 0: 19 (38.8%), parity = 1: 17 (34.7%), parity > = 2: 13 (26.5%) |
| Smoking: |
Smoking during pregnancy: 10 out of 47 mothers were smoking during pregnancy; Smoking during child age 0 – 3/5 year of age: 16 current smokers (of which 7 smoked during pregnancy), 19 former smokers, 12 never-smoking; 7 quit smoking during pregnancy, but resumed smoking after giving birth. |
| Breastfeeding: |
All 49 children were breastfed: 0-6 months (n = 9); 6-12 months (n = 18); >12 months (n=22) |
| Alcohol: |
Before pregnancy: <1 /month: n = 23, 1 /month: n = 8 (17%), 2-3 /month: n = 10, > 1 /week: n = 6 During pregnancy: < 1 /month: n = 46, 1 /month: n = 1, 2-3 /month: n=1 |
| Sum POPs (sumPCB + sumOCP) µg/kg serum lipid, median |
Smokers (n = 15): 434.35 µg/kg lipid, former smokers (n = 18): 383.25 ug/kg lipid; Never-smoking (n=12) 351.95 µg/kg lipid. Linea regression coefficient (β = -167, 95%CI: -505, 172, p = 0.326). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12747516 |
|
Allergy (Cases defined as those with an unspecified allergy diagnosis (diagnosed by a physician) and those with symptoms of allergy but no final allergy diagnosis yet) |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk of offspring allergy by maternal smoking during pregnancy | Case/non-case | OR | 95% CI | p |
| All | 9/38 | |||
| Non smoking | 6/31 | 1 (ref) | - | |
| Smoking | 3/7 | 2.21 | 0.44; 11.08 | 0.333 |
| Breastfeeding < 12 months | 6/20 | |||
| Non smoking | 3/17 | 1 (ref) | - | |
| Smoking | 3/3 | 5.67 | 0.75; 42.58 | 0.092** |
| Breastfeeding > 12 months | 3/18 | |||
| Non smoking | 3/14 | 1 (ref) | - | |
| Smoking | 0/4 | 0 | - | 0.999 |
|
Asthma (Cases defined as those with a diagnosis (diagnosed by a physician) and those with symptoms of asthma but no final diagnosis yet). |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk of offspring asthma by maternal smoking during pregnancy | Case/non-case | OR | 95% CI | p |
| All | 18/27 | |||
| Non smoking | 16/20 | 1 (ref) | - | - |
| Smoking | 2/7 | 0.36 | 0.07; 1.96 | 0.236 |
| Breastfeeding < 12 months | 10/15 | |||
| Non smoking | 9/10 | 1 (ref) | - | - |
| Smoking | 1/5 | 0.22 | 0.02; 2.28 | 0.205 |
| Breastfeeding > 12 months | 8/12 | |||
| Non smoking | 7/10 | 1 (ref) | - | - |
| Smoking | 1/2 | 0.71 | 0.05; 9.50 | 0.799 |
|
Eczema (Cases defined as those with a diagnosis (diagnosed by a physician) and those with symptoms of eczema but no final diagnosis yet). |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk of offspring eczema by maternal smoking during pregnancy | Case/non-case | OR | 95% CI | p |
| All | 8/39 | |||
| Non smoking | 7/30 | 1 (ref) | - | - |
| Smoking | 1/9 | 0.48 | 0.05; 4.40 | 0.513 |
| Breastfeeding < 12 months | 5/21 | |||
| Non smoking | 4/16 | 1 (ref) | - | - |
| Smoking | 1/5 | 0.80 | 0.07; 8.91 | 0.856 |
| Breastfeeding > 12 months | 3/18 | |||
| Non smoking | 3/14 | 1 (ref) | - | - |
| Smoking | 0/4 | 0 | - | -0.999 |
|
Asthma (Cases defined as those with a diagnosis (diagnosed by a physician) and those with symptoms of asthma but no final diagnosis yet). |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk of child asthma for child with eczema# | Case/non-case | OR | 95% CI | p |
| All | 19/28 | |||
| Non-eczema | 11/27 | 1 (ref) | - | - |
| Having eczema | 8/1 | 19.64 | 2.19; 176.1 | 0.008* |
| Breastfeeding < 12 months | 11/15 | |||
| Non-eczema | 5/15 | 1 (ref) | ||
| Having eczema | 6/0 | 4.84x109 | - | 0.999 |
| Breastfeeding > 12 months | 8/13 | |||
| Non-eczema | 6/12 | 1 (ref) | - | - |
| Having eczema | 2/1 | 4.00 | 0.30; 53.47 | 0.295 |
| Mothers smoking after birth |
Children having both asthma and eczema Smokers/non-smokers: 2/5 |
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|
Allergy (Cases defined as those with a diagnosis (diagnosed by a physician) and those with symptoms of allergy but no final diagnosis yet). |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk of child allergy for child with eczema## | Case/non-case | OR | 95% CI | p |
| All | 10/39 | |||
| Non-eczema | 7/33 | 1 (ref) | - | - |
| Having eczema | 3/6 | 2.36 | 0.47; 11.77 | 0.296 |
| Breastfeeding < 12 months | 6/21 | |||
| Non-eczema | 5/16 | 1 (ref) | - | - |
| Having eczema | 1/5 | 0.64 | 0.06; 6.85 | 0.712 |
| Breastfeeding > 12 months | 4/18 | |||
| Non-eczema | 2/17 | 1 (ref) | - | - |
| Having eczema | 2/1 | 17.00 | 1.02; 283.01 | 0.048* |
| Mothers smoking after birth |
Children having both allergy and eczema Smokers/non-smokers: 0/3 |
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|
Asthma (Cases defined as those with a diagnosis (diagnosed by a physician) and those with symptoms of asthma but no final diagnosis yet). |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk of child asthma for with child allergy### | Case/non-case | OR | 95% CI | p |
| All | 19/28 | |||
| Non-allergy | 14/23 | 1 (ref) | - | - |
| Having allergy | 5/5 | 1.64 | 0.40; 6.08 | 0.489 |
| Breastfeeding < 12 months | 11/15 | |||
| Non-allergy | 9/11 | 1 (ref) | - | - |
| Having allergy | 2/4 | 0.61 | 0.09; 4.14 | 0.614 |
| Breastfeeding > 12 months | 8/13 | |||
| Non-allergy | 5/12 | 1 (ref) | - | - |
| Having allergy | 3/1 | 7.20 | 0.60; 87.02 | 0.121 |
| Mothers smoking after birth |
Children having both asthma and allergy Smokers/non-smokers: 2/3 |
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*: significance level p ≤ 0.05; **significance level p ≤ 0.1; #: Smoking during pregnancy (asthma) cases/non-case: 2/7. ##: Smoking during pregnancy (eczema) cases/non-case: 1/9; ###: Smoking during pregnancy (allergy): cases/non-case 3/7.