Table 1:

Grant Characteristics, 1980-2005

		Grants Linked to Private-sector Patents
	Full Sample	Cited by Patents	Related to Patents
Sample Coverage
# Grants	153,076	66,085	123,872
# Disease Areas (Institutes)	17	17	17
# Science Areas (Study Sections)	624	548	598
# DSTs	14,085	9,951	13,092
Grant Characteristics
% R01 equivalent Grants	73.74	77.46	74.33
% Center Grants	3.26	4.79	3.20
% Teaching or Fellowship Grants	11.43	10.12	11.27
% New	59.50	51.08	58.55
Funding Amount (total project allocation, 2010 dollars; mean & s.d.)	$1,556,969 (2,198,506)	$1,875,779 (2,783,272)	$1,568,881 (2,215,371)
Number of Acknowledged Publications	1.41 (3.58)	3.27 (4.86)	1.75 (3.91)
Number of Related Publications	84.80 (194.36)	166.10 (271.34)	104.90 (211.24)
# of Patents Citing Grant (weighted counts)	0.43 (2.36)	1.00 (3.51)	0.54 2.62
# of Patents Related to Grant (weighted counts)	0.84 (2.21)	1.60 (3.05)	1.04 (2.41)

Note: Sample is the set of all NIH-funded grants from 1980-2005, excluding NINR, NLM, and NIMHD grants (see Appendix A for a full list of ICs in the sample) and evaluated by chartered study sections. The sample is restricted to new and competitive renewal grants so that there is one observation per successful grant application cycle. A grant is defined as cited by patents if there exists a patent that cites a publication that acknowledges funding from that grant. A grant is matched with a publication if it acknowledges the project number of the grant and is published within 5 years of the grant’s funding year. A patent is citation-linked to a grant if it cites a publication that is linked to a grant. A grant is considered related to a patent if that grant produces a publication that is similar (as defined by the PubMed Relatedness Matching Algorithm) to a publication that is cited by a patent. In this paper, we require that similar publications be published within 5 years of each other. A grant is an R01 equivalent (e.g. a large project-based grant) if its NIH funding mechanism is either an R01, R23, R29, or R37. Center grants are those grants whose mechanism starts with a “P” (e.g., a P01 grant containing multiple projects). A teaching or fellowship grant is one whose grant mechanism designation begins with a “T” or an “F.” New grants are projects that have not previously received NIH funding. Acknowledged publications are the unique count of PubMed publications which acknowledge the grant′s main project number and which are published within five years of grant receipt. Related publications include directly acknowledged publications, in addition to all publications related to them, according to the PMRA algorithm discussed in the text, and published within a 5 year window.