Table 2.—

Mean Annual Estimated Incremental Total, Direct, and Indirect Expenditures of Children With Headache vs Children Without Headache, Adjusted For Covariates Specified in the Anderson Behavioral Model of Healthcare Use. Reported in 2016 U.S. Dollars

	Headache Cohort		Non-Headache Cohort		Incremental Adjusted Expenditures Associated with Headache
Expenditure Type	$	95% CI	$	95% CI	$	95% CI	P Value
Total expenditures (Sum of direct and indirect expenditures)	3036	[2374,3699]	2350	[2140,2559]	687†	[26,1347]	.042
Direct expenditures (total)	2665	[2000,3331]	2042	[1829,2255]	623‡	[−30,1276]	.061
Office visits	914	[654,1175]	547	[501,592]	368	[105,630]	.006
Hospital outpatient visits	278	[80,477]	159	[101,277]	119	[−53,292]	.174
ED visits	197	[145,250]	101	[91,111]	97	[43,150]	<.0001
Inpatient stays	208	[84,332]	201	[148,254]	7	[−123,137]	.913
Prescription medications	499	[238,761]	512	[370,653]	−12	[−275,250]	.926
Other	230	[37,423]	103	[78,127]	128	[−62,317]	.186
Indirect expenditures	418	[327,508]	316	[292,339]	102	[11,192]	.027

For all analyses, dollar amounts were adjusted for inflation to reflect 2016 dollar costs using the consumer price index medical care inflation component and expenditures were estimated using regression models adjusted for age group, sex, race/ethnicity, income category, insurance, geographical region of the United States, usual source of healthcare, perceived mental health, and perceived physical health.

Source: MEPS 2012–2015.

^†Total does not equal to the sum of service types or sum because of separate regression estimates.

^‡Regression estimation for expenditures used a standard 2-part expenditure model.