Table 4.
Novel CSF blood biomarkers
| Analyte | CSF or plasma | Association with AD pathology | Notes | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| α-1-microglobulin | CSF | Regional atrophy | [157] | |
| Apolipoprotein CIII | CSF | Regional atrophy | [157] | |
| Apolipoprotein D | CSF | Regional atrophy | [157] | |
| Brain-derived neurotrophic factor | Plasma | Aβ | Neuroprotective | [165] |
| Brain-derived neurotrophic factor | Plasma | NOT HV, M | Val66Met polymorphism | [164] |
| CD40 antigen | CSF | Aβ | [162] | |
| Chromogranin A | CSF | WBA | Aβ dependent | [159] |
| Chromogranin A | CSF | MCI to AD | [166] | |
| Cystatin | CSF | WBA, HA | Aβ dependent | [159] |
| Factor H | CSF | CD, VE | [167] | |
| Fatty acid binding protein | CSF | Aβ | [162] | |
| Fatty acid binding protein | CSF | CN to MCI | [168] | |
| Fatty acid binding protein | CSF | MCI to AD | [166] | |
| Ferritin | CSF | Regional atrophy | Aβ independent | [157] |
| Hepatocyte growth factor | CSF | Regional atrophy | Aβ independent | [157] |
| Hepatocyte growth factor | CSF | Aβ | [162] | |
| Interleukin 16 | CSF | Regional atrophy | [157] | |
| Interleukin 6 | CSF | Regional atrophy | [157] | |
| Lipoprotein A | CSF | Aβ | [162] | |
| Neurofilament light | CSF | CS, CD, WMC WBA, C, HA | [160] | |
| Neurogranin | CSF | CS, C, Met, HV | Aβ dependent | [158] |
| Prolactin | CSF | Aβ | [162] | |
| Resistin | CSF | Aβ | [162] | |
| S100β | CSF | Regional atrophy | Aβ independent | [157] |
| Trefoil factor 3 | CSF | WBA, HA, VE | Aβ dependent | [159] |
| Vascular endothelial growth factor | CSF | WBA | Aβ dependent | [159] |
| Vascular endothelial growth factor | CSF | HV, HA, CD | Neuroprotective, effect enhanced in Aβ+ | [161] |
| Vascular endothelial growth factor | CSF | Aβ | [162] |
Abbreviations: CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; AD, Alzheimer’s disease; HV, hippocampal volume; M, memory; WBA, whole brain atrophy; HA, hippocampal atrophy; CD, cognitive decline; VE, ventricular expansion; CN, cognitively normal; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; CS, clinical status; WMC, white-matter change; Met, metabolism; C, cognition.