Table 4. Univariable and multivariable analysis of participant characteristics associated with carriage of PCV13 serotypes in children aged 12–23 months (n = 1,005).

Variable		Pneumococcal carriage n/N (%)	Unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI)	P value	Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)a	P value
Sex
	female	144/524 (27.5)	ref
	male	121/482 (25.1)	0.88 (0.67–1.17)	0.383
Ethnicity
	Lao Loum	246/958 (25.7)	ref
	Otherb	19/47 (40)	1.96 (1.08–3.58)	0.028	1.22 (0.64–2.31)	0.552
Residence type
	urban	102/539 (18.9)	ref
	rural	163/466 (35.0)	2.30 (1.73–3.01)	<0.001	1.84 (1.32–2.56)	<0.001
URTIc symptoms
	no	61/384 (15.9)	ref
	yes	204/621 (32.9)	2.59 (1.88–3.57)	<0.001	2.15 (1.52–3.04)	<0.001
Antibiotic use in the previous 2 weeks
	no	148/601 (24.6)	ref
	yes	117/401 (29.2)	1.26 (0.95–1.68)	0.110	1.00 (0.74–1.37)	0.974
Exposure to household cigarette smoke
	no	143/565 (25.3)
	yes	121/437 (27.7)	1.13 (0.85–1.50)	0.397
Primary household fuel sourced
	non-biofuel	48/247 (19.4)	ref
	biofuel	217/756 (28.7)	1.67 (1.18–2.37)	0.004	1.10 (0.73–1.64)	0.655
children <5y in the household
	1	140/657 (21.3)	ref
	2 or more	125/348 (35.9)	2.07 (1.55–2.76)	<0.001	2.27 (1.67–3.08)	<0.001
Family income
	above poverty line	241/935 (25.8)	ref
	below poverty line	24/70 (34)	1.50 (0.90–2.51)	0.121	1.07 (0.62–1.86)	0.807
Mode of delivery
	vaginal	221/826 (26.7)	ref
	Caesarean	44/179 (24.6)	0.89 (0.61–1.30)	0.550
Currently breastfeeding
	no	206/804 (25.6)	ref
	yes	59/200 (29.5)	1.21 (0.86–1.71)	0.266
PCV13 vaccination history
	0 or 1 dose	176/550 (32.0)	ref
	2 or 3 doses	87/445 (19.6)	0.52 (0.38–0.69)	<0.001	0.60 (0.44–0.83)	0.002

^aPseudo R² = 0.084

^bother includes Lao Thung, Hmong, and other

^cURTI = upper respiratory tract infection

^dbiofuel = wood or charcoal; non-biofuel = gas, kerosene, or electricity