TABLE I.

Analysis of Program-Specific Factors

	Top Quartile	Other Quartiles	P Value
No. of programs	35	108	—
Total no. of residents	939	2,467	—
Total no. of female residents	228	257	—
No. of residents per program*	26.8 ± 9.4	22.8 ± 9.8	0.036†
Range of female residents in programs	20.0% to 42.1%	0% to 19.4%	—
Total no. of faculty	1,140	3,121	—
Total no. of female faculty‡	145	251	—
Female faculty	12.7%	8.0%	<0.001†
Female faculty per program*	4.1 ± 2.8	2.3 ± 2.8	0.001†
Female full professors per program*	0.36 ± 0.73	0.24 ± 0.63	0.40
Female associate professors per program*	2.9 ± 2.5	1.5 ± 1.6	<0.001†
Women in leadership positions per program*‡	0.94 ± 1.1	0.33 ± 0.64	<0.001†
No. of female chairpersons‡	0	0	1.00
Programs with women’s sports medicine program‡	21.4%	6.5%	0.03†
Female part-time surgeons per program*	0.14 ± 0.47	0.21 ± 0.51	0.55
Programs with a research year‡	31.4%	14.8%	0.045†
Programs in top-40 NIH funding‡	42.9%	23.1%	0.03†
Programs in top-40 U.S. News & World Report rankings‡	37.1%	15.7%	0.02†
Programs with a defined maternity leave policy‡	78.6%	91.7%	0.18
Programs noting paid maternity leave time	91.7%	78.3%	0.43
University-affiliated programs‡	93.3%	89.4%	1.00
Program-specific factors per program*	3.5 ± 1.8	2.5 ± 1.6	<0.001†

^*The values are given as the mean number and the standard deviation.

^†Significant.

^‡This category was identified as 1 of the 9 program-specific factors.