Figure 3. Energy intake, energy expenditure and energy balance.

(A) Energy intake (energy intake-balance method) and energy expenditure (doubly labeled water method) are presented for each individual and as mean ± SEM for 3 groups of women classified according to gestational weight gain as inadequate (in gray, INA, <170 g/week, n = 10), recommended (in white, REC, ≥170 g/week and <270 g/week, n = 8), and excessive (in black, EXS, ≥270 g/week, n = 36) by the 2009 Institute of Medicine guidelines. (B) Individual and mean ± SEM energy balance are presented as the difference in intake and expenditure for the 3 categories of gestational weight gain. Differences among weight gain groups were tested using linear mixed effect models with group used as a covariate. ****P < 0.001 of the post-hoc comparison between groups of the linear mixed model.