Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Neurochem. 2019 Oct 13;151(3):279–288. doi: 10.1111/jnc.14855

Fig. 5.

Fig. 5.

Overview of future directions for developing GPCR-based sensors. (A) Downstream signaling via GPCR-based sensors can be prevented by fusing a mini-G protein or G protein‒derived peptide to the C-terminal domain, serving as a competitive inhibitor of endogenous G proteins. (B) The color spectrum of GPCR-based sensors can be expanded by replacing cpGFP with another fluorescent protein, for example, cpRFP. (C) Phylogenetic tree covering the family of neurochemical-activated GPCRs, including their respective ligands. (D) In principle, GPCR-based sensors can be developed and optimized for detecting a wide range of neurochemicals. Abbreviations: 5HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin); ACh, acetylcholine; Ado, adenosine; CCK, cholecystokinin; DA, dopamine; eCB, endocannabinoid; Epi; epinephrine; GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid; His, histamine; MT, Melatonin; NE, norepinephrine; NPY, neuropeptide Y; NT, neurotensin; OP, opioid; OT, oxytocin; S1P, sphingosine-1-phosphate; SST, somatostatin (somatotropin release inhibiting factor); VIP, vasoactive intestinal peptide.