Table 2.
Descriptive characteristics of Wayne County Health, Environment, Allergy and Asthma Longitudinal Study children with caregiver-reported attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) or neurotypical (NT) development
| Covariate | NT (N = 534) |
ADHD (N = 93) |
P a |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal Characteristic | Mean ± SD or N (%) | ||
| Age at delivery (years) | 30.1 ± 5.2 | 30.0 ± 5.3 | 0.814 |
| Race | 0.980 | ||
| White | 127 (23.8%) | 23 (24.7%) | |
| Black | 325 (60.9%) | 56 (60.2%) | |
| Mixed/Other | 82 (15.4%) | 14 (15.1%) | |
| Marital status | 0.634 | ||
| Unmarried | 176 (33.0%) | 33 (35.5%) | |
| Married | 358 (67.0%) | 60 (64.5%) | |
| Household income | 0.208 | ||
| < $20,000 | 53 (9.9%) | 14 (15.1%) | |
| $20,000- < $40,000 | 118 (22.1%) | 25 (26.9%) | |
| $40,000- < $80,000 | 142 (26.6%) | 27 (29.0%) | |
| $80,000- < $100,000 | 75 (14.0%) | 10 (10.8%) | |
| ≥ $100,000 | 83 (15.5%) | 7 (7.5%) | |
| Refused to answer | 63 (11.8%) | 10 (10.8%) | |
| Education | 0.097 | ||
| < High school diploma | 20 (3.7%) | 2 (2.2%) | |
| High school diploma | 81 (15.2%) | 14 (15.1%) | |
| Some college | 235 (44.0%) | 53 (57.0%) | |
| ≥ Bachelor’s degree | 198 (37.1%) | 24 (25.8%) | |
| Smoked during pregnancy | 0.600 | ||
| No | 491 (91.9%) | 84 (90.3%) | |
| Yes | 43 (8.1%) | 9 (9.7%) | |
| Prenatal ETS exposure | 0.303 | ||
| No | 411 (77.0%) | 67 (72.0%) | |
| Yes | 123 (23.0%) | 26 (28.0%) | |
| Prenatal antibiotic use | 0.774 | ||
| No | 192 (45.2%) | 38 (46.9%) | |
| Yes | 233 (54.8%) | 43 (53.1%) | |
| Prenatal antifungal use | 0.004 | ||
| No | 356 (83.8%) | 57 (70.4%) | |
| Yes | 69 (16.2%) | 24 (29.6%) | |
| BMI from first prenatal visit (kg/m2)b |
30.3 ± 7.7 (N = 495) |
33.1 ± 9.6 (N = 87) |
0.002 |
| Prenatal indoor dog(s) | 0.308 | ||
| No | 400 (74.9%) | 65 (69.9%) | |
| Yes | 134 (25.1%) | 28 (30.1%) | |
| Prenatal indoor cat(s) | 0.863 | ||
| No | 444 (83.1%) | 78 (83.9%) | |
| Yes | 90 (16.9%) | 15 (16.1%) | |
| Child Characteristic | |||
| Mode of delivery | 0.513 | ||
| Vaginal | 332 (62.3%) | 54 (58.7%) | |
| C-section | 201 (37.7%) | 38 (41.3%) | |
| Firstborn | 0.343 | ||
| No | 332 (62.2%) | 53 (57.0%) | |
| Yes | 202 (37.8%) | 40 (43.0%) | |
| Gestational age at delivery (weeks)b |
38.8 ± 1.6 (N = 529) |
38.3 ± 2.2 (N = 91) |
0.007 |
| Preterm birth | 0.018 | ||
| No | 492 (93.0%) | 78 (85.7%) | |
| Yes | 37 (7.0%) | 13 (14.3%) | |
| Birthweight (g)b |
3352 ± 573 (N = 514) |
3300 ± 680 (N = 84) |
0.453 |
| Low birth weight | 0.229 | ||
| No | 483 (94.0%) | 76 (90.5%) | |
| Yes | 31 (6.0%) | 8 (9.5%) | |
| Child sex | < 0.001 | ||
| Male | 237 (44.4%) | 69 (74.2%) | |
| Female | 297 (55.6%) | 24 (25.8%) | |
| Child age at 10–12-year visit (years) | 10.3 ± 0.9 | 10.3 ± 1.0 | 0.646 |
BMI body mass index, ETS environmental tobacco smoke, SD standard deviation
aCalculated using chi-square test for categorical covariates and analysis of variance for continuous covariates. Bold values indicate statistically significant P<0.05
bContinuous covariates with missing data, sample size is presented