Table 5.
Comparison of operative and postoperative characteristics of PDAC patients among OPD, early-phase LPD and late-phase LPD groups
| Characteristic | OPD group (n = 230) |
LPD group |
P
1
(Early- vs. late-phase LPD) |
P
2
(OPD vs. early-phase LPD) |
P
3
(OPD vs. late-phase LPD) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Early-phase (n = 40) |
Late-phase (n = 39) |
|||||
| Operative time [min, median (IQR)] | 260.5 (210.0–360.0) | 360.0 (336.5–397.5) | 260.0 (250.0–320.0) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.284 |
| Estimated blood loss [mL, median (IQR)] | 200.0 (100.0–400.0) | 200.0 (150.0–250.0) | 100.0 (50.0–200.0) | < 0.001 | 0.180 | < 0.001 |
| Blood transfusion [cases (%)] | 24 (10.4) | 11 (27.5) | 8 (20.5) | 0.468 | 0.003 | 0.126 |
| No. of resected lymph nodes [median (IQR)] | 11.0 (7.0–15.0) | 18.5 (14.3.0–26.8) | 17.0 (13.0–21.0) | 0.201 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| No. of positive lymph nodes [median (IQR)] | 0 (0–2.0) | 1.0 (0–2.8) | 0 (0–1.0) | 0.147 | 0.256 | 0.486 |
| Positive lymph node ratio [median (IQR)] | 0 (0–0.14) | 0.06 (0–0.11) | 0 (0–0.06) | 0.110 | 1.000 | 0.154 |
| R0 resection [cases (%)] | 221 (96.1) | 40 (100) | 39 (100) | NA | 0.426 | 0.438 |
| POPF [cases (%)] | 86 (37.4) | 11 (27.5) | 9 (23.1) | 0.651 | 0.229 | 0.084 |
| Biochemical leak | 74 (32.2) | 7 (17.5) | 6 (15.4) | 0.800 | 0.062 | 0.034 |
| Grade B/C | 12 (5.2) | 4 (10.0) | 3 (7.7) | 1.000 | 0.412 | 0.806 |
| DGE [cases (%)] | 66 (28.7) | 1 (2.5) | 0 (0) | 1.000a | < 0.001a | < 0.001 |
| Grade A | 27 (11.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0) | NA | 0.046 | 0.049 |
| Grade B/C | 39 (17.0) | 1 (2.5) | 0 (0) | 1.000a | 0.018 | 0.005 |
| PPH [cases (%)] | 14 (6.1) | 4 (10.0) | 2 (5.1) | 0.695 | 0.567 | 1.000 |
| Grade A | 5 (2.2) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.6) | 0.494a | 1.000a | 1.000a |
| Grade B/C | 9 (3.9) | 4 (10.0) | 1 (2.6) | 0.371 | 0.208 | 1.000 |
| BL [cases (%)] | 15 (6.5) | 3 (7.5) | 3 (7.7) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
| Grade A | 5 (2.2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | 1.000a | 1.000a |
| Grade B/C | 10 (4.3) | 3 (7.5) | 3 (7.7) | 1.000 | 0.646 | 0.619 |
| Intra-abdominal infection [cases (%)] | 21 (9.1) | 2 (5.0) | 2 (5.1) | 1.000 | 0.578 | 0.605 |
| Wound infection [cases (%)] | 3 (1.3) | 3 (7.5) | 1 (2.6) | 0.134 | 0.044a | 0.468a |
| Other complications [cases (%)] | 24 (10.4) | 5 (12.5) | 3 (7.7) | 0.737 | 0.910 | 0.811 |
| Overall complications [cases (%)] | 151 (65.7) | 25 (62.5) | 14 (35.9) | 0.018 | 0.699 | < 0.001 |
| Clavien I–II | 133 (57.8) | 18 (45.0) | 12 (30.8) | 0.193 | 0.132 | 0.002 |
| Clavien III–V | 18 (7.8) | 7 (17.5) | 2 (5.1) | 0.169 | 0.098 | 0.792 |
| DSA [cases (%)] | 7 (3.0) | 4 (10.0) | 1 (2.6) | 0.371 | 0.105 | 1.000 |
| Reoperation [cases (%)] | 3 (1.3) | 4 (10.0) | 1 (2.6) | 0.371 | 0.008 | 0.468a |
| In-hospital mortality [cases (%)] | 2 (0.9) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.6) | 0.494a | 1.000a | 0.376a |
| 90-day readmission [cases (%)] | 32 (13.9) | 3 (7.5) | 5 (12.8) | 0.681 | 0.265 | 0.855 |
| Postoperative length of stay [days, median (IQR)] | 13.0 (10.0–19.0) | 13.0 (11.0–23.5) | 12.0 (10.0–16.0) | 0.180 | 0.356 | 0.404 |
PDAC pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, OPD open pancreaticoduodenectomy, LPD laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy, POPF Postoperative pancreatic fistula, DGE delayed gastric emptying, PPH postpancreatectomy hemorrhage, BL bile leakage, DSA digital subtraction angiography, IQR interquartile range, NA not available
aFisher’s exact test