Table 5.
Final Late/No Prenatal Care Utilization Linear Regression Models for Baseline, Period 1 and Period 2 (controlled for 102 LHD Clusters)
| Baseline Period n = 270,775 | Period 1 n = 195,921 |
Period 2 n = 178,254 |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coef.* | 95% C.I. | Coef. | 95% CI | Coef. | 95% C.I. | |||
| Maternal Race/Ethnicity | ||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | referent | referent | referent | |||||
| Hispanic White | 0.020* | 0.000–0.039 | 0.007 | −0.010- 0.024 | 0.009 | −0.005- 0.022 | ||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 0.032* | 0.020–0.045 | 0.037* | 0.025–0.049 | 0.037* | 0.027–0.046 | ||
| Age | ||||||||
| < 14 years | 0.259* | 0.229–0.289 | 0.261* | 0.224–0.297 | 0.262* | 0.201–0.323 | ||
| 15–19 years | 0.097* | 0.084–0.110 | 0.091* | 0.069–0.112 | 0.087* | 0.075–0.098 | ||
| 20–24 years | 0.040* | 0.031–0.048 | 0.050* | 0.038–0.060 | 0.039* | 0.031–0.048 | ||
| 25–29 years | 0.009* | 0.004–0.013 | 0.011* | 0.005–0.018 | 0.011* | 0.006–0.016 | ||
| 30–34 years | referent | referent | referent | |||||
| 35–39 years | 0.002 | −0.002-0.007 | 0.005 | − 0.000- 0.010 | 0.010* | 0.001–0.019 | ||
| 40+ years | 0.049* | 0.032–0.066 | 0.045* | 0.032–0.058 | 0.029* | 0.014–0.044 | ||
| Marital Status | ||||||||
| Married | referent | referent | referent | |||||
| Not Married | 0.042* | 0.035–0.049 | 0.042* | 0.031–0.053 | 0.032* | 0.024–0.040 | ||
| Foreign-Born Status | ||||||||
| Not Foreign-Born | referent | referent | referent | |||||
| Foreign-Born | 0.034* | 0.014–0.055 | 0.028* | 0.012–0.044 | 0.022* | 0.009–0.035 | ||
| Education | ||||||||
| Less than HS education | 0.084* | 0.064–0.104 | 0.079* | 0.059–0.099 | 0.061* | 0.046–0.076 | ||
| HS diploma or GED | 0.021* | 0.012–0.029 | 0.016* | 0.005–0.026 | 0.020* | 0.012–0.029 | ||
| Some College | referent | referent | referent | |||||
| Age < 20; ed. level not assessed | 0.056* | 0.041–0.070 | 0.055* | 0.036–0.073 | 0.039* | 0.023–0.056 | ||
| Insurance Payer | ||||||||
| Medicaid | 0.100 | 0.087–0.114 | 0.113* | 0.097–0.129 | 0.099* | 0.085–0.113 | ||
| Private Insurance | referent | referent | referent | |||||
| Self-Pay/ Uninsured | 0.155 | 0.115–0.195 | 0.173* | 0.140–0.205 | 0.138* | 0.102–0.173 | ||
| Other (Indian Health Service, CHAMPUS, etc.) | 0.057 | 0.017–0.096 | 0.057* | 0.011–0.103 | 0.070* | 0.039–0.100 | ||
| Unknown | 0.038 | −0.008- 0.083 | 0.054 | −0.003- 0.111 | 0.060* | 0.016–0.105 | ||
| WIC Enrollment Status | ||||||||
| Yes WIC | −0.012* | − 0.022- -0.002 | − 0.012* | − 0.023- 0.001 | −0.010 | −0.021 − 0.002 | ||
| No WIC | referent | referent | referent | |||||
| Unemploy-ment Rate | -0.002 | −0.018- 0.014 | −0.000 | −0.003-0.002 | − 0.001 | − 0.010-0.007 | ||
| Community Poverty | ||||||||
| Top 1/3 Poor LHJs | −0.031 | −0.065 -0.004 | − 0.045* | − 0.086- -0.003 | −0.056* | −0.096- -0.015 | ||
| Bottom 2/3 (Non) Poor LHJs | referent | referent | referent | |||||
| Median HH Income | 7.55E-07 | −1.75 E-06- 3.26 E-06 | 1.53E- 06 | 1 | −8.13E- 07 - 3.88E- 06 | 8.83E-07 | −0.000- 0.000 | |
| Core Based Statistical Area | ||||||||
| Metropolitan | referent | referent | referent | |||||
| Micropolitan | 0.010 | −0.021- 0.041 | 0.003 | −0.033- 0.039 | 0.019 | −0.013- 0.050 | ||
| Rural | −0.016 | −0.054 − 0.023 | -0.023 | − 0.065- 0.020 | −0.026 | −0.073- 0.022 | ||
| Gini Coefficient | 0.025 | −0.442- 0.493 | −0.184 | 0.246 | −0.672- 0.304 | − 0.152 | 0.228 | − 0.604- 0.301 |
| Percent Republican | 0.001* | 0.0004- | 0.002* | 0.0003- | 0.002* | 0.0005–0.0031 | ||
| Per Capita MDs (GPs and FM) | −1.498* |
−2.959- −0.036 |
−0.949 | −2.213- 0.316 | −0.895 | −2.265-0.475 | ||
| State | ||||||||
| Florida | 0.056 | −0.011- 0.122 | 0.054 | −0.006- 0.114 | 0.047 | −0.013-0.106 | ||
| Washington | referent | referent | referent | |||||
| LHD Per Capita 2MCH Expenditures | 0.0012 | −0.0007- 0.0030 | 0.0019* | 0.0002–0.0036 | 0.0025* | 0.0009–0.0042 | ||
| LHD Per Capita WIC Expenditures | −0.0010 | −0.0067-0.0046 | − 0.0014 | − 0.0065- 0.0038 | −0.0022 | −0.0077- 0.0033 | ||
*P < .05 was used to establish statistical significance and is indicated with an asterisk (*)
Abbreviations (in order of appearance in table from top to bottom): Late/No PNC: late (after first trimester) or non-entry to prenatal care; LHD: Local health department; Prob: probability; SE: standard error; Conf.: confidence (for confidence interval); HS: High school; GED: General education diploma; Ed: education; CHAMPUS: Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Uniform Services; WIC: Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children; LHJ: Local health jurisdiction; HH: household; MD: medical doctor; GP: general practitioner; FM: family medicine;