Table 1.
Patient characteristics in the total population and with regard to infection-related 28-day mortality
| Patient characteristics | Total cohort (N = 684) | Survivors (N = 654) | Non-survivors (N = 30) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (years) | 65.1 (19.6) | 64.4 (19.8) | 78.9 (9.0) | < 0.001 |
| Male sex (N, %) | 366 (53.5%) | 352 (53.8%) | 14 (46.7%) | 0.442 |
| Disposition | ||||
| Hospital admission (N, %) | 498 (72.8%) | 469 (71.7%) | 29 (96.7%) | 0.003 |
| Hospital length of stay (days) | 3 [0 – 7.25] | 3 [0 – 7] | 12 [3 – 20.5] | < 0.001 |
| ICU admission (N, %) | 23 (3.4%) | 19 (2.9%) | 4 (13.3%) | 0.002 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Cardiovascular disease (N, %) | 255 (37.3%) | 239 (36.5%) | 16 (53.3%) | 0.063 |
| Diabetes (N, %) | 152 (22.2%) | 140 (21.4%) | 12 (40.0%) | 0.017 |
| Immunodeficiency (N, %) | 105 (15.4%) | 97 (14.8%) | 8 (26.7%) | 0.079 |
| Liver disease (N, %) | 54 (7.9%) | 48 (7.3%) | 6 (20.0%) | 0.012 |
| Malignancy (N, %) | 183 (26.8%) | 169 (25.8%) | 14 (46.7%) | 0.012 |
| Neurological disorders (N, %) | 132 (19.3%) | 125 (19.1%) | 7 (23.3%) | 0.567 |
| Respiratory disease (N, %) | 180 (26.3%) | 173 (26.5%) | 7 (23.3%) | 0.704 |
| Renal disease (N, %) | 128 (18.7%) | 117 (17.9%) | 11 (36.7%) | 0.010 |
| Infectious source | ||||
| Bone and joint (N, %) | 4 (0.6%) | 3 (0.5%) | 1 (3.3%) | 0.044 |
| Cardiac (N, %) | 2 (0.3%) | 1 (0.2%) | 1 (3.3%) | 0.002 |
| Intra-abdominal (N, %) | 93 (13.6%) | 86 (13.1%) | 7 (23.3%) | 0.112 |
| Respiratory — lower (N, %) | 220 (32.2%) | 206 (31.5%) | 14 (46.7%) | 0.082 |
| Respiratory — upper (N, %) | 18 (2.6%) | 18 (2.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.357 |
| Skin and soft tissue (N, %) | 36 (5.3%) | 35 (5.4%) | 1 (3.3%) | 0.628 |
| Surgical related (N, %) | 16 (2.3%) | 16 (2.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.386 |
| Unknown origin (N, %) | 81 (11.8%) | 80 (12.2%) | 1 (3.3%) | 0.140 |
| Urogenital (N, %) | 214 (31.3%) | 209 (32.0%) | 5 (16.7%) | 0.077 |
| Blood cultures | ||||
| Blood cultures taken (N, %) | 407 (59.5%) | 390 (59.6%) | 17 (56.7%) | 0.746 |
| Positive blood cultures (N, %) | 58 (14.3%) | 55 (8.4%) | 3 (10.0%) | 0.756 |
| Gram-positive bacteria (N, %) | 15 (2.2%) | 14 (2.1%) | 1 (3.3%) | 0.326 |
| Gram-negative bacteria (N, %) | 35 (5.1%) | 33 (5.0%) | 2 (6.7%) | 0.762 |
| Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (N, %) | 8 (1.2%) | 7 (1.1%) | 1 (3.3%) | 0.737 |
| Biomarkers and severity scores | ||||
| MR-proADM (nmol/L) | 1.09 [0.70 – 1.71] | 1.05 [0.68 – 1.64] | 2.32 [1.89 – 2.96] | < 0.001 |
| PCT (ng/mL) | 0.21 [0.10 – 0.98] | 0.2 [0.10 – 0.90] | 0.59 [0.21 – 3.78] | < 0.001 |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 1.5 [1.1 – 2.1] | 1.5 [1.1 – 2.1] | 2.1 [1.58 – 2.83] | < 0.01 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 10.52 [3.17 – 26.3] | 10.52 [3.12 – 25.63] | 9.99 [6.36 – 18.35] | 0.925 |
| SOFA (points) | 1 [0 – 3] | 1 [0 – 3] | 4 [3 – 5] | < 0.001 |
| qSOFA (points) | 0 [0 – 1] | 0 [0 – 1] | 1 [1 – 1] | < 0.05 |
| SIRS (points) | 1 [1 – 2] | 1 [1 – 2] | 2 [1 – 2] | < 0.001 |
| NEWS (points) | 2 [1 – 5] | 2 [1 – 5] | 6 [3.25 – 7.75] | < 0.001 |
| CRB-65 (points) | 1 [0 – 2] | 1 [0 – 1] | 2 [1 – 2] | < 0.001 |
Values expressed in percentages (%) indicate the proportion of patients within each cohort for each variable. Data are presented as mean (standard deviation, SD) or median [first quartile (Q1)–third quartile (Q3)] where specified. The chi-square (χ2) test was used to determine significance between the cohorts for categorical variables, Student’s t test for the variable of age, and Mann-Whitney U test for hospitalisation duration, biomarker, and clinical score variables. CRB-65 severity score for community-acquired pneumonia, CRP C-reactive protein, ICU intensive care unit, MR-proADM mid-regional proadrenomedullin, N number, NEWS National Early Warning Score, PCT procalcitonin, qSOFA quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, SIRS systemic inflammatory response syndrome, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment